lazily

Lazy reactive primitives for Rust — Context, Slots, Cells with automatic dependency tracking and cache invalidation.

Overview

lazily provides five core primitives for reactive computation:

• Context — owns all reactive state and manages the dependency graph
• Slot — a lazily-computed cached value that automatically tracks dependencies
• Cell — a mutable value that invalidates dependent Slots when changed
• Signal — an eager derived value that recomputes the instant a dependency invalidates, with no intermediate unset value
• Effect — a side-effect callback that automatically reruns after tracked dependencies invalidate

Values are lazy by default: dependents are marked dirty on invalidation but only validated or recomputed when accessed. When you need eager push-style semantics — recompute immediately, observe v1 -> v2 with no unset window — reach for Signal, which layers a puller effect over a memoized slot. The Slot -> Cell -> Signal progression lets you choose lazy or eager per derived value within one graph. ctx.memo() Slots use a memo guard: if recomputation produces the same value, downstream dirty caches and effects are left alone. Multiple updates can be grouped with ctx.batch(...) so invalidation and effect reruns happen once after the outermost batch exits.

Development

Minimum supported Rust version (MSRV): 1.88 — declared via rust-version in Cargo.toml. The crate uses let_chains (stabilized in 1.88) pervasively.

Run the local CI-equivalent suite with:

make check

The Makefile also exposes focused targets such as make test-tokio, make test-loom, make benchmark-check, and make benchmark-update.

Usage

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use lazily::Context;

let ctx = Context::new();

// Create a mutable cell
let counter = ctx.cell(0i32);

// Create a derived value (automatically tracks dependencies)
let doubled = ctx.computed(|ctx| {
    let val = counter.get(ctx);
    val * 2
});

assert_eq!(doubled.get(&ctx), 0);

// Mutate the cell — dependents are marked dirty (not recomputed yet)
counter.set(&ctx, 5);

// Slot recomputes lazily on next access
assert_eq!(doubled.get(&ctx), 10);

// Effects run immediately and then after tracked dependencies change
let effect = ctx.effect(move |ctx| {
    println!("counter = {}", counter.get(ctx));
});

counter.set(&ctx, 6); // schedules and runs the effect once
effect.dispose(&ctx); // unsubscribes and prevents future reruns

// Batch writes coalesce invalidation and effect reruns.
ctx.batch(|ctx| {
    counter.set(ctx, 7);
    counter.set(ctx, 8);
});
}

Why Lazy?

In a web server handling requests, you might have 50 computed values available but any given request only uses 5. With eager reactivity, all 50 recompute on every change. With lazy, only the 5 actually accessed compute.

lazily defaults to lazy but does not force the choice on you: derive with ctx.computed()/ctx.memo() for pull-based laziness, or ctx.signal() for the eager column above (UI rendering, real-time mirrors, always-materialized values). Both share the same context, dependency graph, glitch-freedom, and memo guard — pick per value.

Core Concepts

Context

Context owns all Slots and Cells. It manages the dependency graph and provides the API for creating, reading, and mutating reactive values. Think of it as the “world” for your reactive computations — in web frameworks, this maps to a request context, application scope, or component tree.

The current Context is intentionally single-threaded. It uses RefCell and non-Send callback storage to keep the fast path allocation-only and mutex-free. Create independent contexts per OS thread for local graphs, or use ThreadSafeContext when one reactive graph must be shared across threads.

Slot

A SlotHandle<T> wraps a compute function Fn(&Context) -> T. The result is cached after first access. Dependencies are discovered automatically via a thread-local tracking stack — any Slot or Cell accessed during computation becomes a dependency. ctx.computed() is the ergonomic name for a derived value; ctx.slot() is the same primitive. Use ctx.memo() when T: PartialEq and equal recomputations should suppress downstream work.

When a dependency is invalidated, the Slot marks its cached value dirty. It does not validate or recompute until ctx.get() is called again. For ctx.memo() slots, if recomputation returns a value equal to the previous cache, downstream dirty Slots become fresh without recomputing, and scheduled effects that only depended on unchanged Slots skip cleanup/rerun.

Dependencies are dynamic. Every time a Slot recomputes, it re-discovers its dependencies from scratch. If your compute function has conditional branches that access different Cells depending on state, the dependency graph updates automatically. No stale subscriptions, no manual cleanup.

Cell

A CellHandle<T> holds a mutable value. cell.set(&ctx, value) and ctx.set_cell() compare old and new values via PartialEq — if unchanged, no invalidation occurs. If changed, all dependent Slots are recursively marked dirty.

Signal

A SignalHandle<T> is an eager derived value — the eager counterpart to a lazy Slot, one step further along the Slot -> Cell -> Signal progression. Where a Slot only marks itself dirty on invalidation and recomputes on the next read, a Signal recomputes the instant a dependency is invalidated, before the invalidating set/set_cell/batch call returns. The value is always materialized, so observers never see an intermediate unset value — a dependency change drives the value directly from v1 to v2.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
let n = ctx.cell(1);
let doubled = ctx.signal(|ctx| n.get(ctx) * 2); // materialized now: 2
n.set(&ctx, 5);                                  // doubled is already 10 — eager
assert_eq!(doubled.get(&ctx), 10);
}

A Signal is composed from existing primitives, not a parallel engine: a memoized Slot (ctx.memo) supplies glitch-free, pull-based, memo-guarded recomputation, and a small puller Effect re-materializes that slot after every invalidation to supply the eagerness. Consequently a Signal inherits the memo guard (an equal recompute suppresses downstream work) and diamond glitch-freedom (D = f(A, g(A)) never surfaces a mixed new-A/old-g(A) intermediate), and batched writes settle to one consistent recomputation at batch exit.

ctx.signal() requires T: PartialEq + 'static (the memo guard); get_signal additionally requires T: Clone. signal.dispose(&ctx) removes the eager puller — the value stays readable but reverts to lazy (recompute-on-read) behavior. The same primitive is available on ThreadSafeContext (signal, returning a Send + Sync ThreadSafeSignalHandle<T>) and AsyncContext (signal_async, with a non-blocking get_signal snapshot and an awaiting get_signal_async); see SPEC.md for the per-context type bounds and the async eagerness caveat.

Batch Updates

ctx.batch(|ctx| { ... }) groups multiple cell updates and explicit slot/cell clears into one invalidation pass. Nested batches flush only when the outermost batch exits. Direct ctx.get_cell() reads inside the callback see the latest cell value immediately; changed-cell dependents are marked dirty after the batch, so Slot reads during the callback return their pre-batch cached value until the batch completes.

Effect

An EffectHandle represents a side-effect callback registered with ctx.effect(). Effects run immediately, track any Slots or Cells read during that run, and rerun after those dependencies invalidate. Scheduled effect reruns are flushed after the invalidation pass, so diamond dependency paths coalesce to one rerun. Effects scheduled only by dirty Slot dependencies first validate those Slots and skip cleanup/rerun when values are unchanged.

Effects can return a cleanup closure. Cleanup runs before the next rerun and when the handle is disposed:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
let effect = ctx.effect(move |ctx| {
    let value = counter.get(ctx);
    move || println!("cleanup for {value}")
});

effect.dispose(&ctx);
}

API

ThreadSafeContext

ThreadSafeContext is the mutex-backed counterpart for sharing one reactive graph across OS threads. It mirrors the core Context methods while requiring Send + Sync + 'static values and compute/effect callbacks. The graph lock is released before user compute callbacks, effect callbacks, or cleanup closures run, so callbacks can re-enter the same context without deadlocking. If a slot is invalidated while its callback is running, the stale result is discarded and the getter retries before returning a fresh value.

Design

• Lazy by default, eager on demand: Slots mark dirty on invalidation and validate/recompute on access; ctx.signal() opts a value into eager recomputation (a memo-slot + puller-effect composition) with no intermediate unset state
• Ergonomic aliases: ctx.computed() names derived values while preserving ctx.slot() for low-level terminology
• PartialEq guard: CellHandle::set() only invalidates when value actually changes
• Memo guard: Dirty ctx.memo() Slots compare recomputed values and suppress downstream recomputation/effect reruns when values are equal
• Dynamic dependencies: Edges re-discovered on each recomputation (no stale subscriptions)
• Batching: Multiple writes share one invalidation/effect flush boundary
• Effect scheduling: Effects rerun after dependency invalidation and coalesce duplicate schedules
• Slot-id-indexed contiguous node storage for the single-threaded fast path
• Interior mutability via RefCell (single-threaded)
• Thread-local tracking stack for automatic dependency discovery
• Zero mandatory runtime dependencies in the default library surface
• Optional instrumentation feature for benchmark counters, lock timing, and thread-safe lock attribution

Threading Roadmap

lazily-rs guarantees local, single-threaded Context graphs plus an explicit ThreadSafeContext for shared graphs. SlotHandle<T> and CellHandle<T> are Send + Sync when T is Send + Sync, and EffectHandle is also Send + Sync, but handles must be used with their owning context.

Enable the optional loom feature to run the thread-safe synchronization model:

cargo test --features loom --test thread_safe_loom

Enable the optional tokio feature for sync-on-Tokio integration tests and the tokio_sync example:

cargo test --features tokio
cargo run --example tokio_sync --features tokio

The feature proves ThreadSafeContext can be shared through tokio::spawn and tokio::task::spawn_blocking. It does not add async computations or effects; those need the separate AsyncContext design captured in SPEC.md, including in-flight future deduplication, stale completion handling, cleanup ordering, and separate Send versus LocalSet surfaces.

ThreadSafeContext intentionally keeps one mutex-backed graph lock while fresh cached slot reads use a per-slot read-mostly cached-value sidecar. Dependency edges, dirty/revision state, cached-value publication, batching, and effect queues still mutate under the graph mutex. In-flight recompute waiters use per-slot generation Condvar sidecars so they can park while the compute owner runs user code, and a completion only wakes waiters for that finished slot. Per-slot dependency summaries let cell-only dirty refreshes claim the SlotId-partitioned recompute sidecar and skip the graph-locked get_refresh dependency scan before the final publish mutation. Changed-cell and slot-value invalidation build an explicit frontier plan, then apply dirty flags, revisions, and effect scheduling in one graph-mutex mutation boundary; slot-only changed-cell frontiers may publish dirty state through per-node sidecars with cache-revision dirty epochs instead. The thread_safe_graph_propagation benchmarks compare fan-out eager validation, fan-out/fan-in lazy dirty epoch publication, and fan-in batched flush behavior with lock attribution, effect queue pushes, dependency-edge counters, sidecar dirty marks, sidecar fallbacks, and dirty epoch advances. Sharded-lock or CAS variants should wait for lock wait/hold benchmark evidence and a Loom or Shuttle safety model for stale in-flight completion, invalidation during compute, dynamic dependency cleanup/disposal, effect scheduling/disposal, and re-entrant callbacks. A lock-free versioned optimistic read path is deferred until cached values can be retained independently of graph-protected erased-value storage.

Benchmarks

See BENCHMARKS.md for full benchmark results, regression budgets, lock attribution, and instrumentation profiles.

Multi-Language

lazily is implemented across three languages with shared semantics:

Cross-Channel Compatibility

The cross-language family should use one graph-state protocol across channels: IpcMessage::Snapshot and IpcMessage::Delta. Rust FFI is viable as a narrow C ABI adapter with opaque handles and owned byte buffers, not by sharing live Rust contexts, closures, typed handles, or references across the ABI.

IPC, WebSocket frames, WebRTC data channels, and FFI byte buffers can then carry the same permission-filtered snapshots and deltas. Transport code owns framing, memory ownership, reliability, and back-pressure; lazily semantics stay in the shared message schema.

Enable the ffi feature for the C ABI adapter. It exposes an opaque LazilyFfiChannel, JSON IpcMessage validation/classification helpers, and Rust-owned LazilyFfiBytes buffers with an explicit free function. The adapter re-encodes every accepted frame as canonical IpcMessage JSON, so FFI callers share the same state plane as other channels.

Related

• lazily-zig — Zig implementation with FFI support
• lazily-py — Python implementation with context-as-dict
• Blog post: Lazily — Reactive Primitives Done Right

License

MIT

lazily-rs Specification

Rust library for lazy evaluation with context-aware dependency tracking and cache invalidation. Counterpart to lazily-zig and lazily-py.

Core Concepts

Context

Container for all slots and cells. Owns all allocations via interior mutability using a single RefCell<ContextInner>.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
struct ContextInner {
    nodes: Vec<Option<Node>>,
    next_id: u64,
    free_ids: Vec<u64>,
    pending_effects: VecDeque<SlotId>,
    scheduled_effects: HashSet<SlotId>,
    flushing_effects: bool,
    batch_depth: usize,
    batched_cells: HashSet<SlotId>,
    batched_cell_clears: HashSet<SlotId>,
    batched_slots: HashSet<SlotId>,
}

pub struct Context {
    inner: RefCell<ContextInner>,
}
}

API:

Context stores nodes in a slot-id-indexed Vec<Option<Node>> rather than a hash map. SlotId values are allocated sequentially; effect disposal returns the ID to a free list for reuse, preventing unbounded Vec growth from transient effects while keeping lookups contiguous and hash-free.

Dependency and dependent edges use SmallVec<[SlotId; 4]> rather than HashSet<SlotId>. For the typical 1-3 dependency fan-out, SmallVec stores edges inline without heap allocation, avoids hash computation overhead, and eliminates the temporary Vec<SlotId> allocations that were previously required in every refresh/clear/dirty hot path (replaced with SmallVec::clone() or std::mem::take). Sets that require true dedup semantics (scheduled effects, batch queues, tracking frames) remain as HashSet<SlotId>.

The single-threaded Context consolidates all mutable state behind one RefCell<ContextInner> instead of ten separate RefCell fields. This reduces borrow-check overhead from 4-6 flag modifications per get() to 1 and eliminates the risk of re-entrant borrows across fields. Slot and effect compute closures are stored as Rc<dyn Fn> so they can be cloned cheaply without unsafe pointer copies.

ThreadSafeContext

Mutex-backed counterpart to Context for sharing one reactive graph across OS threads. It mirrors the core local-context API and requires thread-safe values and callbacks.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
pub struct ThreadSafeContext {
    inner: Arc<ThreadSafeInner>,
}
}

API:

Slot

Lazily-computed cached value with dependency tracking. A Slot is fresh, dirty, or unset; dirty slots may retain a previous cached value for memo validation. ctx.memo() creates a Slot whose values implement PartialEq so dirty caches can be compared against recomputed values.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
type ComputeFn = dyn Fn(&Context) -> Rc<dyn Any>;
type EqualsFn = dyn Fn(&dyn Any, &dyn Any) -> bool;

struct SlotNode {
    value: Option<Rc<dyn Any>>,
    type_id: TypeId,
    compute: Rc<ComputeFn>,
    equals: Option<Box<EqualsFn>>,
    dependencies: SmallVec<[SlotId; 4]>,
    dependents: SmallVec<[SlotId; 4]>,
    dirty: bool,
    force_recompute: bool,
}
}

Semantics:

• Activation: First ctx.get() calls the compute function, caches the result
• Computed alias: ctx.computed() creates the same Slot as ctx.slot() for derived-value ergonomics
• Invalidation: Marks the cached value dirty and marks downstream slots dirty without discarding their cached values
• Clearing: Explicit slot.clear(&ctx) removes the cached value and clears all dependent slots recursively
• Memo guard: Dirty ctx.memo() slots compare recomputed values with the previous cache via PartialEq; equal values make downstream dirty slots fresh without recomputing them
• Dependencies: If Slot B accesses Slot A during computation, B depends on A. If A clears, B clears automatically; if A’s value changes after dirty validation, B is forced stale
• Immutable by default: Once set, a Slot’s value doesn’t change — only clear + recompute
• Dynamic: Dependencies re-discovered on each recomputation (no stale subscriptions)

Cell

Mutable value container. Changing a Cell’s value marks dependent Slots dirty.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
struct CellNode {
    value: Rc<dyn Any>,
    type_id: TypeId,
    dependents: SmallVec<[SlotId; 4]>,
}
}

Semantics:

• ctx.set_cell() and cell.set(&ctx, value) compare old and new via PartialEq
• If unchanged, no invalidation occurs (no-op)
• If changed, dependent Slots are marked dirty while cached values are preserved for memo validation

Effect

Side-effect callback that automatically tracks dependencies. Effects run immediately on creation, then rerun after any Cell or Slot read during the last run is invalidated.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
type EffectFn = dyn Fn(&Context) -> Option<Box<dyn FnOnce()>>;

struct EffectNode {
    run: Rc<EffectFn>,
    dependencies: SmallVec<[SlotId; 4]>,
    cleanup: Option<Box<dyn FnOnce()>>,
    force_run: bool,
}
}

Semantics:

• Immediate activation: ctx.effect() runs the callback once during creation
• Auto-tracking: Any Slot or Cell accessed during the callback becomes a dependency
• Scheduling: Dependency invalidation schedules the effect, then the context flushes scheduled effects after the invalidation pass
• Coalescing: An effect scheduled through multiple dependency paths in the same invalidation pass runs once
• Memo guard: Effects scheduled by dirty slot dependencies first validate those slots and skip cleanup/rerun when values are unchanged
• Cleanup: Returning a cleanup closure runs it before the next rerun and on disposal
• Disposal: effect.dispose(&ctx) unsubscribes from dependencies, removes pending scheduled work, and prevents future reruns

Signal

Eager derived value. A Signal sits one step beyond a Slot on the Slot -> Cell -> Signal progression: where a Slot is lazy (invalidation only marks it dirty; the value is recomputed on the next read), a Signal is eager — it recomputes the instant any dependency is invalidated. The value is always materialized, so observers never see an intermediate unset value: a dependency change drives the value directly from v1 to v2.

A Signal is composed from existing primitives: a memoized Slot (ctx.memo) plus a small puller Effect that re-materializes the slot after every invalidation. This composition is intentional — it inherits the Slot’s glitch-free, pull-based recomputation and the memo guard, while the Effect supplies eagerness.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
let n = ctx.cell(1);
let doubled = ctx.signal(|ctx| n.get(ctx) * 2); // materialized now: 2
n.set(&ctx, 5);                                  // doubled is already 10
assert_eq!(doubled.get(&ctx), 10);
}

Semantics:

• Eager activation: ctx.signal() computes the value once at creation; the value is set from the start
• Eager recomputation: Dependency invalidation recomputes the value during the invalidation flush, before the invalidating set_cell/set/batch call returns — no read is required to drive it
• No unset state: The backing slot is invalidated via dirty-marking (not hard-cleared), so the value transitions v1 -> v2 and is never observed as unset
• Memo guard: Backed by ctx.memo, a recomputation that yields an equal value (via PartialEq) does not invalidate downstream dependents
• Glitch-free: Recomputation is pull-based; a Signal that reads other Signals/Slots always observes values consistent with the current inputs (e.g. a diamond D = f(A, g(A)) never surfaces a mixed new-A/old-g(A) intermediate)
• Batch coalescing: Writes inside ctx.batch() settle to a single consistent recomputation at batch exit
• Type bounds: signal<T> requires T: PartialEq + 'static (for the memo guard); get_signal additionally requires T: Clone
• Disposal: signal.dispose(&ctx) removes the eager puller; the value remains readable and reverts to lazy (recomputed on next read) behavior

Signal across context types

The eager-Signal primitive is exposed on all three context types with the same memo-slot + puller-effect composition, so shared-graph and async consumers get the same always-set, glitch-free v1 -> v2 derived values that the single-threaded Context provides (#lzsignalparity).

• ThreadSafeContext::signal — shared-graph counterpart. Returns a ThreadSafeSignalHandle<T> with .get/.dispose/.is_active(&ctx) helpers and matching ctx.get_signal/dispose_signal/is_signal_active. Recomputation is eager (driven during the invalidation flush before the set_cell/batch call returns), glitch-free, memo-guarded, and batch-coalesced — identical to the single-threaded semantics above. Type bounds add Send + Sync: signal<T> requires T: PartialEq + Send + Sync + 'static; get_signal additionally requires T: Clone. The handle is Copy + Send + Sync and may be read from any thread sharing the context.
• AsyncContext::signal_async — async counterpart. Returns an AsyncSignalHandle<T> backed by memo_async plus an effect_async puller that awaits the slot after every invalidation. Reads: ctx.get_signal (or handle.get) returns Option<T> as a non-blocking snapshot; ctx.get_signal_async (or handle.get_async) awaits the up-to-date value. Inside a slot/effect callback, AsyncComputeContext::get_signal_async reads a signal and registers its backing slot as a dependency, enabling chained async signals and downstream observers. Type bounds: T: PartialEq + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static.
  • Eagerness is runtime-driven: because resolution is asynchronous, the puller drives the recompute to completion on the runtime shortly after the invalidating write rather than synchronously within it.
  • Propagation is not suppressed on equal recompute: the async memo guard keeps the value correct on an equal recompute, but — unlike the single-threaded/thread-safe graph — does not suppress downstream propagation (async invalidation force-reruns effect dependents on every upstream change). No inconsistent (glitch) value is ever observed. This matches the documented async memo does not suppress downstream propagation behavior of memo_async.

Batch

Write-coalescing boundary for multiple cell updates or explicit slot clears.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
ctx.batch(|ctx| {
    ctx.set_cell(&a, 1);
    ctx.set_cell(&b, 2);
});
}

Semantics:

• Outermost boundary: Nested batches flush only when the outermost batch exits
• Changed cells: ctx.set_cell() still updates the cell value immediately, but dependent dirty marking is queued until batch exit
• Explicit clears: slot.clear(&ctx) and cell.clear_dependents(&ctx) are queued until batch exit
• Coalescing: Repeated updates to the same cell or clears of the same slot queue one invalidation root
• Thread-safe local batching: same-thread ThreadSafeContext batch writes buffer changed cells and clears in a thread-local batch frame, then merge that frame into the graph-owned batch queue at batch exit; cross-thread writes during another active batch still fall back to the graph-owned queue
• Effect flushing: Effects scheduled by batched invalidation rerun after the batch invalidation pass and coalesce duplicate schedules
• Reads during a batch: Direct ctx.get_cell() reads see the latest cell value immediately; dependent slot reads keep their pre-batch cached value until dirty marking flushes at batch exit

State Machine

A finite state machine built on top of CellHandle and the reactive graph. StateMachine<S, E> wraps a CellHandle<S> as the current state and a pure transition function Fn(&S, &E) -> Option<S>.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use lazily::{Context, StateMachine};

let ctx = Context::new();
let m = StateMachine::new(&ctx, Door::Closed, |s, e| match (s, e) {
    (Door::Closed, DoorEvent::Button) => Some(Door::Opening),
    (Door::Opening, DoorEvent::Open) => Some(Door::Open),
    _ => None,
});

m.send(&ctx, DoorEvent::Button);
assert_eq!(m.state(&ctx), Door::Opening);
}

API:

Semantics:

• PartialEq guard: A transition to an equal state is accepted (true) but does not invalidate dependents (the CellHandle equality guard suppresses no-op updates). To force re-entry, call cell.clear_dependents(ctx) before send.
• Reactive integration: Any ctx.computed, ctx.memo, ctx.signal, or ctx.effect that reads state_handle() automatically recomputes/reruns on transition.
• On-enter / on-exit: Use ctx.effect with cleanup — the effect body is on-enter, the returned cleanup closure is on-exit (runs before the next rerun). Alternatively, use on_transition for a single (old, new) observer.
• Batch atomicity: ctx.batch() coalesces multiple send() calls — effects fire once after the batch settles.
• Single-threaded: StateMachine is backed by Context (single-threaded RefCell).

ThreadSafeStateMachine — cross-thread

ThreadSafeStateMachine<S, E> is the lock-backed counterpart to StateMachine, mirroring the same API over ThreadSafeContext. The transition function and state must be Send + Sync + 'static, so the machine and its owning context can be shared across OS threads. The machine is Clone — cloning yields another handle to the same state cell and transition function.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use lazily::{ThreadSafeContext, ThreadSafeStateMachine};
use std::sync::Arc;

let ctx = Arc::new(ThreadSafeContext::new());
let m = ThreadSafeStateMachine::new(&ctx, Door::Closed, |s, e| match (s, e) {
    (Door::Closed, DoorEvent::Button) => Some(Door::Opening),
    _ => None,
});

m.send(&ctx, DoorEvent::Button);
assert_eq!(m.state(&ctx), Door::Opening);
}

on_transition returns an EffectHandle (dispose via ctx.dispose_effect); state_is returns a ThreadSafeSignalHandle<bool>. Observers fire synchronously within the invalidating send/batch call, preserving the glitch-free pull-based ordering of ThreadSafeContext.

AsyncStateMachine — Tokio (async feature)

AsyncStateMachine<S, E> is the async counterpart, backed by AsyncContext. The state lives in an AsyncCellHandle<S>; because cells are the synchronous input layer of AsyncContext, send and state are synchronous. Reactive observers use the async effect/signal APIs: on_transition returns an AsyncEffectHandle and state_is returns an AsyncSignalHandle<bool>. Because resolution is asynchronous, eager recomputation settles on the runtime rather than synchronously within send.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use lazily::{AsyncContext, AsyncStateMachine};

let ctx = AsyncContext::new();
let m = AsyncStateMachine::new(&ctx, Door::Closed, |s, e| match (s, e) {
    (Door::Closed, DoorEvent::Button) => Some(Door::Opening),
    _ => None,
});

m.send(&ctx, DoorEvent::Button);
assert_eq!(m.state(&ctx), Door::Opening);
}

Regression property harness

The default Rust test suite includes tests/property_graph.rs, a proptest harness that drives a fixed reactive graph with generated programs of cell sets, equal-value sets, cell.clear_dependents, slot.clear, memo-guarded dependencies, batch boundaries, reads, and effect disposal/recreation.

Each generated program is checked against a pure model:

• Cell and slot reads must match the model after every operation.
• Equal-value cell sets must not schedule effect cleanup/rerun work.
• Same-parity cell changes through a memo slot must preserve downstream effect run counts when the observable output is unchanged.
• Explicit slot and cell-dependent clears must hard-clear cached slots when no effect is active, and must rerun active effects to re-prime their dependencies.
• Operations inside ctx.batch must not clear cached dependent slots or run effect cleanups/reruns until the outermost batch exits; dependent reads during the batch must continue to see the pre-batch cached value.

SlotId

Unique identifier for reactive nodes. Lightweight Copy type wrapping a u64.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct SlotId(u64);
}

Both SlotHandle<T> and CellHandle<T> wrap a SlotId with PhantomData<T> for type safety.

Dependency Tracking

Uses a thread-local tracking stack (mirroring lazily-zig’s TrackingFrame approach).

1. When a Slot computes, it pushes a frame onto the tracking stack
2. When an Effect runs, it also pushes a frame onto the tracking stack
3. Any nested slot/cell access sees the parent frame
4. The child registers the parent as a dependent
5. When a dependency clears, slot dependents hard-clear recursively; when a Cell changes, slot dependents are marked dirty and effect dependents are scheduled

Threading and Concurrency Contract

Current Context

Context is intentionally local to one OS thread. It owns RefCell graph state, cached values as Box<dyn Any>, compute callbacks as Box<dyn Fn(&Context)>, effect callbacks as Box<dyn Fn(&Context)>, and cleanups as Box<dyn FnOnce()>. Those storage choices avoid synchronization overhead for the common single-threaded path and make Context neither Send nor Sync.

Current guarantees:

• Independent Context instances may be used on different OS threads
• A single Context must not be moved into, shared with, or accessed from another thread
• SlotHandle<T> and CellHandle<T> are lightweight ids and are Send + Sync when T is Send + Sync, but they are only meaningful with their owning context
• EffectHandle is a lightweight id; effect execution and cleanup remain tied to the owning context thread
• Dependency tracking is thread-local; a compute/effect callback cannot split work onto another thread and expect nested reads there to attach to the original tracking frame

ThreadSafeContext

Thread-safe support is explicit rather than a silent change to Context. ThreadSafeContext mirrors the existing Context methods while preserving the single-threaded fast path.

API bounds:

Locking model:

• Uses one context-level Mutex synchronization primitive for graph state before introducing finer-grained graph locks
• ThreadSafeState stores nodes in a slot-id-indexed Vec<Option<ThreadSafeNode>> matching the single-threaded Context, eliminating hash-map lookup overhead on every node access. Slot IDs are reused via a free list on effect disposal.
• Fresh cached slot reads use a per-slot read-mostly cached-value sidecar; dependency-edge changes, invalidation frontier application, batch queues, effect queues, and disposal remain graph mutex mutations
• Read-mostly cached slot access is versioned optimistically: the getter loads a per-slot atomic cache revision before cloning the retained cached Arc, then validates the revision and dirty/force flags again after the clone. Any concurrent invalidation, clear, or value publish changes the revision and forces the getter onto the graph-validated refresh path.
• Each thread-safe slot also owns a per-slot recompute/value-publish sidecar for the cached-value visibility flags, in-flight bit, waiter Condvar, and revision used to reject stale callback results. Graph-state dirty/revision fields remain mirrored under the context mutex for dependency-frontier traversal and tests.
• Each thread-safe slot sidecar mirrors a per-slot dependency summary: the current dependency ids plus a slot-dependency count. A cell-only dirty refresh may claim the SlotId-partitioned recompute sidecar, snapshot old dependencies, and skip the graph-locked get_refresh dependency scan. The owner still takes the final publish graph mutation to diff dynamic dependencies, publish the value, notify dependents, and reject stale in-flight revisions.
• Cells and slots mirror their dependent frontiers into per-node sidecars keyed by SlotId. Changed-cell invalidation may use these sidecars without taking the context graph mutex only when no callback is actively discovering dependencies, the context is not inside a batch, and the discovered frontier contains slots only. The per-slot cache revision acts as the dirty epoch for sidecar publication, and instrumentation records each epoch advance so parallel writers can publish version state without the graph mutex while cached reads still reject mid-read invalidation races. Effect scheduling, batching, dynamic dependency discovery, disposal, and any frontier that reaches an effect fall back to the graph mutex.
• Do not hold the graph lock while running user compute callbacks, effect callbacks, or cleanup closures
• Re-acquire the lock only to publish computed values, dependency edges, invalidation state, and pending effect work
• Slot refresh must avoid helper-level lock churn: a fresh cached get should clone the value through the per-slot fast path without taking a get_refresh graph lock or recursively validating unchanged dependencies, dependency refresh should not take a separate node-kind probe lock before recursively validating a dependency, cell dependencies should not be probed as refreshable slots, clean dirty flags should be folded into the refresh decision lock, and recompute must diff old/new dependency sets at publish so unchanged edges stay subscribed while only stale edges are removed
• Recompute dependency tracking must skip graph-lock edge registration for dependencies already present in the slot’s previous dependency set, while still eagerly registering newly discovered dependencies during the callback so concurrent invalidation can mark the in-flight result stale
• Effect rerun dependency tracking must also preserve unchanged edges: dependencies already present on the effect remain subscribed through the rerun, newly discovered dependencies are registered during tracking, and stale dependencies are removed in one post-callback graph mutation before the next cleanup is stored
• Re-entrant user code must be able to call back into the same context without deadlocking
• Concurrent first access and dirty same-slot contention share one in-flight computation for the current slot revision; waiters check the per-slot recompute sidecar before the get_refresh/publish graph-lock path, park on that slot’s notification primitive, then return the published cache or retry if an invalidation makes the in-flight result stale
• Recompute waiters observe the per-slot in-flight/revision state while holding the sidecar mutex, then park on the same sidecar Condvar. Finishers publish value and dirty-state sidecar updates before clearing the in-flight bit and notifying, so a stale in-flight completion cannot be missed.
• Recompute notifications are scoped to the slot that finished. A completion for one in-flight slot must not wake waiters parked behind another in-flight slot.
• Per-slot recompute wakeups use a waiter-counted handoff instead of notify_all: the finisher calls notify_one when waiters exist, and each awakened waiter notifies the next parked waiter after observing the completed sidecar state. This drains all waiters without a completion-wide wakeup stampede.
• Optimistic cached reads fall back whenever the context is dirty, forced to recompute, or racing with a sidecar revision change. They do not publish dependency edges, flush effects, observe batch-local unflushed invalidations as fresh, or replace graph-locked refresh for ambiguous callback/dependency states.
• If an upstream invalidation happens while a slot callback is running, the in-flight stale result is not published as fresh; the getter retries until it can return a value that matches the latest dependency state
• Batch exit, effect scheduling, disposal, and explicit clears must each have a single atomic graph mutation boundary and one coalesced effect flush per outermost invalidation pass
• The outermost thread-safe batch exit must collect dependents for all changed cells and apply one coalesced frontier invalidation, so a shared dependent reached through many changed cells is marked dirty and advances revision once per batch flush
• Thread-safe invalidation uses an explicit InvalidationPlan computed from a frontier work queue under the graph mutex instead of recursive dependent walks. Changed-cell and slot-value-change roots snapshot dependent frontiers, coalesce duplicate slot ids in one invalidation pass, preserve direct changed-value force_recompute upgrades when a slot is reached through both direct and downstream paths, snapshot hard-clear frontiers for explicit slot/cell clears, then apply dirty, clear, revision, and effect-scheduling mutations at the same graph mutation boundary. The plan shape is partitionable for future bounded worker traversal, but this prototype keeps snapshot and application under the context mutex until benchmark and model-checking evidence proves a parallel apply path safe.
• Thread-safe stress coverage must run the same contention script under both LowConcurrency and HighConcurrency, mixing batched cell writes, explicit slot and cell-dependent clears, effect cleanup/rerun, effect disposal racing with writers, and concurrent cached reads. The harness lives in tests/thread_safe_stress.rs and is part of make check.

Lock strategy evaluation:

• Keep one context-level graph synchronization primitive until benchmark instrumentation shows a finer-grained design improves the relevant workload without trading off other contention cases

• ThreadSafeContext uses read-mostly per-slot cached-value sidecars for fresh cached reads, a per-slot recompute/value-publish sidecar for in-flight same-slot waiters, a per-slot dependency summary for cell-only dirty refresh routing, and per-node dependent frontier sidecars for slot-only changed-cell invalidation; same-thread batches use thread-local batch frames to coalesce changed-cell queueing before the graph-owned batch flush; dependency graph mutations still require the context mutex

• The read-mostly cached-value sidecar is an optimistic validation path, not a lock-free graph replacement. Its atomic cache revision rejects mid-read invalidation and mid-read publish races, then falls back to the existing graph refresh path.

• ThreadSafeContext uses per-slot sidecar recompute Condvars for in-flight waiters. Those Condvars guard only per-slot in-flight/revision/cache-visibility state, use waiter-counted notify_one handoff wakeups to avoid broad notify_all contention, and must not mutate dependency graph state independently of the context mutex

• The read-mostly prototype is benchmark-gated by the 1/2/4/8/16-worker same_slot_write_read, independent_slots, read_mostly_waiters, and batched_write_bursts matrix after the #lazybatch1 and #lazybatch2 invalidation/read-churn fixes

• The dependent-frontier sidecar prototype is benchmark-gated by thread_safe_contention / independent_slots and set_cell_invalidation / independent_slot_contention at 8 and 16 workers. It should reduce set_cell_invalidation graph-lock acquisitions for independent slot-only roots without changing effect, batch, or dynamic-dependency semantics.

• A sidecar frontier invalidation that reaches a slot with recompute in flight falls back to the graph-locked invalidation path, so stale publishes cannot clear newer dirty markers.

• High-parallel graph propagation profiles gate the lazy-invalidation path with thread_safe_graph_propagation at 8 and 16 workers. The matrix compares fan-out eager validation, fan-out lazy dirty epoch publication, fan-in lazy dirty epoch publication, and fan-in batched flush behavior using throughput, p50/p95 latency, lock attribution, effect queue pushes, dependency-edge counters, sidecar dirty marks, sidecar fallbacks, and dirty epoch advances.

• The local batch-frame prototype is benchmark-gated by set_cell_invalidation / batched_write_bursts and thread_safe_contention / batched_write_bursts at 8 and 16 workers. It should reduce per-write graph queueing during same-thread batches while preserving one coalesced dirty/effect flush at the outermost batch exit.

• Effect-heavy contention profiles gate any queue or batch synchronization change. thread_safe_effect_contention isolates effect queue coalescing, cleanup execution, and nested batch flush behavior at 8 and 16 workers with deterministic lock-site budgets before a sharded graph-lock design can be considered.

• Synchronization strategy comparison is release-gated by one fixed evidence table. The current std::sync mutex/Condvar path is the baseline; narrower Condvar wakeups are adopted only for per-slot recompute waiters; parking_lot style parking and targeted CAS remain candidates. A candidate must report throughput plus p50/p95 latency for the required 8/16-worker contention and effect-heavy cases, stay within lock-site budgets, and carry Loom/Shuttle proof for stale completion, effect scheduling/disposal, batch flush, and re-entrant callbacks before release.

• Benchmark watch items from generated README deltas must be confirmed with a controlled A/B rerun before tuning. The rerun should use the same benchmark filter on the same host/toolchain when possible, isolate baseline and current code in clean worktrees or Criterion baselines, and record whether the signal reproduces. If confidence intervals overlap or Criterion reports no statistically significant change, document the watch item and avoid speculative synchronization changes.

• Edge storage A/B benchmarking procedure: the vec_edges feature flag switches EdgeVec from SmallVec<[SlotId; 4]> (default) to Vec<SlotId>. To compare:

  1. cargo bench --bench context -- dependency_fan_out,set_cell_invalidation/high_fan_out --save-baseline smallvec
  2. cargo bench --bench context --features vec_edges -- dependency_fan_out,set_cell_invalidation/high_fan_out --baseline smallvec
  3. Compare Criterion output — if confidence intervals overlap, keep SmallVec; if Vec is faster at the tested fan-out widths, reconsider the default. The comparison must run on the same host/toolchain with no other workload.

• Cached-read strategy is runtime-selectable (#vd5v / #rdstrat1). Both read paths are compiled in and chosen at context construction via ThreadSafeContext::with_read_strategy(ReadStrategy), defaulting to LowConcurrency; the slot sidecar ThreadSafeSlotFastPath.value is a CachedReadStorage enum:

  • LowConcurrency → parking_lot::RwLock<Option<Arc<dyn Any + Send + Sync>>> read — optimal uncontended / low core counts (the default).
  • HighConcurrency → arc_swap::ArcSwapOption<Arc<dyn Any + Send + Sync>> wait-free load — no read lock; optimal at 8+ cores. (arc-swap’s RefCnt is Sized-only, so it stores Arc<Arc<dyn Any>>; the extra outer Arc is allocated only on the cold publish path, never on the read.)

  Both reconstruct &T via the inline type_id without vtable indirection, and both carry the same atomic cache_revision + dirty/force_recompute validation envelope (loaded before, re-checked after the clone), so a get starting after a completed cross-thread invalidation cannot return the pre-invalidation value regardless of strategy. The runtime selection costs one per-read enum branch (the price of compiling both paths). 0.9.0 shipped arc-swap as the default; 0.10.0 (#rdstrat1) flips the default to LowConcurrency with explicit opt-in to HighConcurrency. Verified by the full default suite (both strategies) and the thread_safe_loom model (the validation algorithm is identical across variants). The inline small-Copy seqlock fast path that subsumes this tradeoff for small values is #rdstrat2 (implemented; opt-in via slot_copy/computed_copy/memo_copy — see Inline small-Copy seqlock below).

  Contention tradeoff (rigorous isolated-worktree A/B, #xtwf). This is a deliberate low-contention-for-high-contention trade, not a free win. Comparing 463ca71 (arc-swap) against its parent 06fd3c2 (the parking_lot::RwLock read) on a shared Criterion target dir, same host/toolchain:

  benchmark	arc-swap vs RwLock
  cached_reads/thread_safe_context (1 thread)	+3.1% (slower)
  read_mostly_waiters/4	+11.9% (slower)
  read_mostly_waiters/8	−6.5% (faster)
  read_mostly_waiters/16	−28.6% (faster)

  arc-swap’s wait-free read wins at high core counts where RwLock read-lock cache-line traffic dominates, but its debt-tracking load plus the Arc<Arc<…>> double-indirection costs a few percent when uncontended. lazily-rs ThreadSafeContext targets highly-parallel reactive graphs, so the 8/16-worker win is the operative case and the ≤~3% uncontended/low-contention regression is accepted (see the revised benchmark gate below). The contended numbers carry wide confidence intervals; treat the crossover (~4→8 workers) as approximate.

• Any future sharding or CAS path must include a Loom or Shuttle safety model covering concurrent first get, stale in-flight completion, invalidation during compute, effect scheduling/disposal, and re-entrant callbacks before it can replace the single-graph-lock design

• The current sidecar Mutex/Condvar waiter path, optimistic cached-read fallback, and explicit invalidation-plan safety envelope are covered by cargo test --features loom --test thread_safe_loom, which models concurrent first get, scoped slot notification, waiter-counted handoff wakeup draining, stale in-flight completion and retry, read-mostly waiter handoff, mid-read optimistic validation fallback, invalidation during compute, fast-frontier fallback while dependency discovery is active, dynamic dependency switch/disposal cleanup, effect scheduling/disposal races, re-entrant callback graph access, duplicate diamond paths marking each frontier slot once, effect enqueue coalescing, nested batch invalidation flushing only at the outermost boundary, and the inline small-Copy seqlock (#rdstrat2) refusing torn reads and stale post-invalidation reads under concurrent single-writer publish

• A lock-strategy change must preserve the rule that user compute/effect/cleanup callbacks never run while holding graph-state locks

Sharded/versioned storage evaluation:

• After the frontier invalidation and read-churn prototypes, the thread_safe_contention benchmark and instrumentation rows are the gate for storage changes. The read-mostly cached-value sidecar is limited to fresh cached slot reads; write-side graph mutation remains serialized so the same benchmark matrix can show whether read-side wins trade off same-slot writes, independent slots, or batched aggregate writes.
• Do not replace the single graph lock with sharded storage in the current implementation. Sharding may help independent roots and slots, but it does not remove serialization for same-root writes, shared aggregate slots, effect queues, batch-depth accounting, disposal, or dynamic dependency edge changes. A shard design must first define shard ownership for dependency edges that cross shards, a deterministic merge/apply order for dirty/revision/effect mutations, and a Loom or Shuttle model for deadlock-free multi-shard invalidation and disposal.
• Do not treat versioned optimistic reads as an invalidation optimization. Versioned reads target fresh cached get latency, while the isolated set_cell_invalidation profiles attribute invalidation pressure to write-side graph mutation. The current prototype keeps independently retained sidecar Arc snapshots plus atomic dirty/revision validation so a get starting after a cross-thread invalidation cannot return the pre-invalidation cached value.
• The next storage experiment, if pursued, should be a benchmark-gated prototype rather than a replacement: shard independent ThreadSafeState mutation by stable node id, keep effect queue and batch flush as one deterministic merge boundary, and require the isolated thread_safe_effect_contention profiles, set_cell_invalidation matrix, and Loom/Shuttle coverage to improve before adopting it.

Typed cache fast-path

Context and ThreadSafeContext store cached values as type-erased trait objects (Rc<dyn Any> and Arc<dyn Any + Send + Sync>). Every cached read calls downcast_ref::<T>(), which invokes a virtual type_id() through the trait object’s vtable, compares the returned TypeId, and then performs a pointer cast. The vtable call adds indirect branching overhead to the hot cached-read path.

The typed cache fast-path stores a TypeId inline in each node at creation time. Cached reads compare the stored TypeId directly (a single inline u64 equality check) and, on match, use an unchecked pointer cast to recover the typed reference. This eliminates the vtable indirection on every cached slot and cell read for both Context and ThreadSafeContext.

Storage layout:

• SlotNode.type_id: TypeId — set once at slot() / computed() / memo() creation from TypeId::of::<T>()
• CellNode.type_id: TypeId — set once at cell() creation
• ThreadSafeSlotFastPath.type_id: TypeId — set once at slot creation
• ThreadSafeCellFastPath.type_id: TypeId — set once at cell creation

Read-path fast-path:

1. Load the node’s type_id field (inline u64 load, no vtable)
2. Compare with TypeId::of::<T>()
3. On match, cast the stored value pointer to &T without going through dyn Any::downcast_ref
4. On mismatch, panic with the same “type mismatch” message as before

get_rc() and get_cell_rc() follow the same pattern but clone the reference-counted pointer instead of cloning the inner value.

The compute-function signature (dyn Fn(&Context) -> Rc<dyn Any> for Context, dyn Fn(&ThreadSafeContext) -> Box<ThreadSafeAny> for ThreadSafeContext) remains unchanged; the typed cache is a storage-side optimization that does not affect the closure API.

Benchmark gate:

• cached_reads/context must show a measurable improvement over the downcast_ref baseline. The current baseline is approximately 8 ns per cached read; the typed cache target is to reduce this by the vtable call overhead (typically 0.5–1.5 ns on x86-64).
• cached_reads/thread_safe_context (single-thread, uncontended) is a bounded-regression gate, not a no-regression gate, as of the #vd5v lock-free read. The arc-swap read sidecar may regress the uncontended cached read by up to ~3% in exchange for the high-contention win (read_mostly_waiters −6%/−29% at 8/16 workers; see Lock strategy evaluation → contention tradeoff). A regression beyond ~3% uncontended, or any regression in the 8/16-worker read-contention matrix, fails the gate and must be investigated. The earlier inline-TypeId vtable-elimination win for cached_reads/context (single-threaded Context) is unaffected and must still hold.
• The improvement must reproduce under controlled Criterion A/B comparison (same host, same toolchain, non-overlapping confidence intervals).

Future implications:

• Fully lock-free cached reads require typed storage so that a reader can reconstruct a typed reference from an atomically published pointer without vtable indirection. The inline TypeId is a prerequisite: it proves the type at compile time and makes the unchecked cast sound. Implemented (#vd5v): ThreadSafeSlotFastPath.value is now an arc_swap::ArcSwapOption, so read_fresh loads the published snapshot wait-free and recovers &T via the inline type_id — see Lock strategy evaluation above.
• A future ErasedValue storage type could replace Rc<dyn Any> / Arc<dyn Any> entirely, storing the value inline for small types and avoiding heap allocation on compute. The current inline-TypeId step preserves the Rc<dyn Any> / Arc<dyn Any> layout while unlocking the fast-path read optimization. Partially implemented for ThreadSafeContext cached reads (#rdstrat2): the slot cached-read sidecar (CachedReadStorage::Inline) stores small Copy values inline behind a wait-free seqlock — see Inline small-Copy seqlock below. The node still retains its Arc<dyn Any> value (the inline buffer is a read-acceleration duplicate); a full ErasedValue that removes the Arc for non-Copy types remains future work.

Inline small-Copy seqlock (#rdstrat2)

For small Copy values, the ThreadSafeContext slot cached-read sidecar (ThreadSafeSlotFastPath.value) selects a third CachedReadStorage variant, Inline, instead of the strategy-selected Locked/LockFree path. The value’s bytes are stored inline in [AtomicU8; INLINE_CAP] (INLINE_CAP = 24, alignment bound 16) behind a single-writer / multi-reader seqlock, with no heap Arc, no refcount traffic on either read or publish. The inline path is optimal under both ReadStrategy modes; the runtime mode only governs the large / non-Copy fallback.

• Soundness conditions. Inline is chosen only when T: Copy and size_of::<T>() <= INLINE_CAP and align_of::<T>() <= 16. Copy removes any Drop / ownership hazard from a discarded torn read; the size/alignment bound keeps the byte copy in-bounds. The bytes are read/written with relaxed atomic per-byte operations (not a plain memcpy), so a reader racing the single writer is well-defined under the Rust memory model — unlike a classic non-atomic seqlock, which has a formally-UB benign data race. The inline type_id proves T so the validated byte snapshot can be reconstructed into T without a vtable.
• Single-writer invariant. Every write (value publish in recompute_slot_now, clear in apply_locked) runs while holding the graph state write lock, so writes are serialized; only reads are lock-free. The seq counter is even when stable, odd while a write is in progress; a reader observing an odd or changed seq discards its snapshot and retries. The closing Release store of the even seq and the reader’s bracketing Acquire loads (with the canonical Acquire fence) make an accepted snapshot a consistent image of exactly one publish.
• Same validation envelope. The inline path carries the identical atomic cache_revision + dirty / force_recompute envelope as the other two strategies, so a read racing a publish/invalidation is rejected identically.
• Opt-in constructors. Inline selection is not automatic on the generic slot / computed / memo constructors: stable Rust cannot branch on T: Copy inside a generic fn that lacks the bound (method resolution is pre-monomorphization, so a Copy-gated impl is never applicable where the bound is unprovable; automatic detection would require nightly specialization). The inline path is therefore opt-in through the Copy-bounded slot_copy / computed_copy / memo_copy constructors, which fall back transparently to the strategy path when the value exceeds the inline size/alignment bound.
• Loom gate. The seqlock orderings (single-writer publish vs. concurrent lock-free readers, plus the cache_revision/dirty envelope) are modeled by cargo test --features loom --test thread_safe_loom (inline_seqlock_reader_never_observes_torn_value, inline_seqlock_envelope_rejects_torn_and_stale_under_concurrent_publish, inline_seqlock_read_after_completed_invalidation_is_rejected). The two single-property models run unbounded (exhaustive); the combined envelope model uses a preemption-bounded Builder (bound 4, 60 s duration cap) because the full 6-atomic envelope across two threads plus the driving body makes the unbounded permutation space non-terminating — the bound is validated by confirming the model still flags an injected torn-read regression, satisfying the lock-strategy Loom gate before landing.

Tokio integration is scoped in two stages:

1. Synchronous thread-safe sharing first: ThreadSafeContext should work inside tokio::spawn and tokio::task::spawn_blocking when all captured values and callbacks satisfy the Send + Sync bounds above. This is exposed behind the optional tokio feature with async tests and the tokio_sync example; it must not introduce async compute/effect semantics.
2. True async computations/effects are separate future work. They need explicit semantics for in-flight future deduplication, cancellation, dependency tracking across .await, stale future completion, cleanup ordering, and Send versus LocalSet futures.

AsyncContext

True async support is a new explicit async context surface, not an overload of Context or ThreadSafeContext. The AsyncContext API lives behind a separate async feature flag so downstream users do not accidentally accept the larger semantic surface. The async feature depends on tokio for runtime primitives (spawn, JoinHandle, notification).

AsyncContext type definitions

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
pub struct AsyncContext {
    inner: Arc<AsyncContextInner>,
}

pub struct AsyncSlotHandle<T> {
    id: SlotId,
    _marker: PhantomData<T>,
}

pub struct AsyncCellHandle<T> {
    id: SlotId,
    _marker: PhantomData<T>,
}

pub struct AsyncEffectHandle {
    id: SlotId,
}

pub struct AsyncComputeContext<'a> {
    context_id: AsyncContextId,
    node_id: SlotId,
    inner: &'a AsyncContextInner,
}
}

AsyncContext API surface

API bounds:

AsyncSlotNode state machine

Each async slot tracks its state through a finite state machine:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
enum AsyncSlotState {
    Empty,
    Computing { revision: u64, handle: JoinHandle<()> },
    Resolved,
    Error,
}
}

States:

• Empty: no cached value, no in-flight computation. Entered on creation and after hard clear.
• Computing: a JoinHandle tracks the in-flight future for the current revision. Concurrent get_async callers attach waiters to the same in-flight result instead of spawning duplicate futures.
• Resolved: the cached value is fresh. The value remains until dependency invalidation transitions back to Computing.
• Error: the last computation failed. Callers receive the error or retry on the next get_async.

State transitions:

• Empty → Computing: first get_async call or dependency invalidation when no cached value exists.
• Computing → Resolved: future completes with Ok, and the recorded revision still matches the current slot revision. The value is cached.
• Computing → Error: future completes with Err, and the recorded revision still matches.
• Computing → Computing (stale): dependency invalidation advances the slot revision during an in-flight computation. The completing future finds its revision no longer matches and discards the result. A new future is spawned for the updated revision.
• Resolved → Computing: dependency invalidation marks the cached value stale and spawns a new computation.
• Error → Computing: get_async retry after an error.

Revision tracking ensures stale completions are discarded: an async computation records the slot revision at start; at publish time the graph accepts the value only if the revision is still current.

AsyncContext cancellation contract

1. Waiter cancellation is safe: dropping one get_async future does not cancel the shared in-flight computation while other waiters still need it. Each waiter holds a shared handle (e.g., oneshot receiver or Shared<...>); dropping the receiver does not abort the JoinHandle.

2. Stale completion handling: when dependency invalidation advances the slot revision during an in-flight computation, the completing future finds its recorded revision no longer matches and discards the result. Waiting callers are retried against the new revision or attached to the newly spawned future.

3. Explicit cancellation: slot.clear(), dependency invalidation, or context disposal may mark the in-flight revision as canceled. If the runtime provides an abort handle, the task is aborted. User futures must be cancellation-safe because aborting drops them at an .await boundary.

4. Context disposal: dropping the AsyncContext cancels all in-flight computations via their JoinHandle::abort() handles and awaits completion of all active cleanup futures before returning.

5. Effect cleanup futures must complete before the next effect body starts. Disposal removes pending reruns before awaiting cleanup.

get_async re-resolve contract (#k03k)

get_async must treat the slot state as authoritative and re-resolve rather than assert, because the slot can change between its lock acquisitions and a notifier can close under it. It runs an outer loop that, each pass, re-reads the slot via the get() fast path and then re-locks to attach to / spawn a computation. Two concurrency windows are load-bearing:

1. Resolved-since-get(): the slot can transition Computing → Resolved between the get() fast-path check (which releases the lock) and the re-lock. Observing Resolved at the re-lock is therefore expected and the cached value is read directly — it is not an unreachable state.
2. Notifier dropped: the per-computation watch senders can all drop without a final Resolved send when an in-flight compute is superseded by a newer revision (the stale Computing → Computing transition early-returns) or the slot is invalidated. A recv.changed() error means “the world changed”, not a fatal error: the awaiter restarts the outer loop and re-resolves from current slot state (returning the now-published value, attaching to the new in-flight compute, or respawning).

Neither window is a data inconsistency — the published value is always correct; the contract is that get_async never panics on these benign races. Covered by async_context_concurrent_set_and_get_async_never_panics_k03k, which fails deterministically against the prior assert-based implementation.

Deterministic window coverage. Unlike ThreadSafeContext, the async resolve loop cannot be modeled with Loom: AsyncContext runs on tokio’s async executor and tokio::sync::watch, while Loom only shims synchronous loom::sync primitives and has no async runtime. Each window is instead pinned by a targeted deterministic test in tests/async_resolve_loop.rs (async + instrumentation features):

• Window 1 is forced via a one-shot instrumentation-gated seam (AsyncContext::__install_window1_hook) that resolves the slot inside the synchronous gap between the fast-path get() and the re-lock — the gap has no .await, so cooperative scheduling alone cannot reach it. The test asserts the reader returned through the Resolved-after-re-lock arm via __window1_resolved_hits. The seam compiles out of default/release builds.
• Window 2 is forced by gating an in-flight compute and superseding it with a newer revision so the notifier drops without a final send, asserting the waiter re-resolves to the latest value rather than panicking (mirrors the broader async_stress.rs::get_async_waiter_cancellation_and_stale_completion_keep_latest).

Exhaustive interleaving exploration of the async path (beyond these two known windows) would require a Shuttle model, which in turn requires making async_context.rs generic over its concurrency primitives — a larger architectural change tracked separately, not a Loom drop-in.

Async race stress coverage must exercise get_async waiter cancellation, stale in-flight completion after dependency invalidation, dynamic dependency replacement across awaited slot reads, and async effect cleanup-before-rerun ordering. The harness lives in tests/async_stress.rs under the async feature so make test-async and make check run it with the rest of AsyncContext coverage.

AsyncContext dependency tracking

Async compute and effect callbacks do not use thread-local tracking stacks. Instead, each callback receives an AsyncComputeContext:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
impl<'a> AsyncComputeContext<'a> {
    pub async fn get_async<T>(&self, handle: &AsyncSlotHandle<T>) -> T;
    pub fn get_cell<T>(&self, handle: &AsyncCellHandle<T>) -> T;
}
}

• get_async on the compute context records the accessed slot as a dependency before awaiting its value.
• get_cell on the compute context records the accessed cell as a dependency synchronously.
• Async reads register the graph edge immediately, so source invalidation while the future is suspended can cancel or supersede the in-flight computation before it publishes stale data.
• Dependencies are collected into a HashSet<SlotId> attached to the async node. On rerun, stale dependencies are removed and new dependencies are registered.
• This design survives executor thread migration and suspension/resume across .await points because the dependency set is carried by the AsyncComputeContext, not a thread-local.

AsyncContext async effects

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
fn effect_async<F, Fut, C, CleanupFut>(&self, effect: F) -> AsyncEffectHandle
where
    F: Fn(AsyncComputeContext) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
    Fut: Future<Output = Option<C>> + Send + 'static,
    C: FnOnce() -> CleanupFut + Send + 'static,
    CleanupFut: Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static;
}

• Serialized reruns: async effect reruns are serialized per effect. A rerun does not start until the previous cleanup future completes.
• Cleanup ordering: the cleanup future from the previous run completes before the next effect body starts. Disposal awaits the current cleanup before removing the effect node.
• Auto-tracking: the effect body receives an AsyncComputeContext and tracks dependencies through get_async and get_cell calls.
• Dependency invalidation schedules an async rerun after the current invalidation pass. The rerun is spawned on the runtime executor, not inline.
• Effect disposal: removes pending scheduled reruns, awaits the current cleanup future, and unsubscribes dependency edges.

AsyncContext batch support

• ctx.batch() is a synchronous boundary. Cell updates queue invalidation roots.
• At batch exit, queued roots trigger invalidation propagation. Async slots and effects are scheduled for rerun but do not execute inside the batch callback.
• Async reruns execute after the batch returns, on the runtime executor.
• Batching semantics remain synchronous at the graph mutation boundary: invalidations schedule async reruns only after the outermost batch exits.

AsyncContext feature flag

[features]
async = ["dep:tokio"]

The async feature depends on Tokio for spawn, JoinHandle, and runtime primitives. It is separate from the tokio feature (which covers synchronous ThreadSafeContext sharing inside Tokio tasks). The async feature implies tokio.

Integration tests live in tests/async_integration.rs and are gated behind #![cfg(feature = "async")]. Run with make test-async (or cargo test --locked --features async). The make check target includes test-async alongside test, test-tokio, and test-loom.

AsyncContext implementation notes

• Async graph locks must never be held while polling user futures or cleanup futures. Acquire the lock only to read/write graph state, then release before polling.
• Nested async slot reads register dependencies on the awaiting parent before awaiting the child result.
• The sync tokio feature is not enough to enable this API; true async support uses the separate async feature flag.
• The Send async context requires Send + Sync + 'static values, callbacks, futures, and cleanup futures. A future LocalAsyncContext may support !Send futures on tokio::task::LocalSet, but handles must not be interchangeable with the Send async context.
• In-flight future deduplication: each async slot has one published cache and at most one in-flight computation for the current slot revision. Concurrent get_async callers await the same in-flight result instead of spawning duplicate futures.
• Synchronous cached-read fast-path: get() returns the cached value synchronously when the slot is Resolved, avoiding async overhead. get_async() calls get() first; only unresolved or dirty slots enter the async spawn path.

Invalidation Semantics

• ctx.set_cell() → if value changed (PartialEq) → mark all dependent slots dirty
• slot.clear(&ctx) → remove cached value → cascade clear to all dependents
• cell.clear_dependents(&ctx) → clear all dependent slots without changing cell value
• ctx.batch() → queue changed cells and explicit slot/cell clears, then flush queued roots when the outermost batch exits
• Slot invalidation → preserve cached value as dirty → validate/recompute on next ctx.get() access
• Thread-safe slot invalidation walks an explicit coalesced frontier, so diamond paths mark each reachable slot at most once per invalidation pass unless a later direct changed-value path upgrades that slot to forced recompute
• If a dirty ctx.memo() slot recomputes to an equal value, downstream dirty slots become fresh without recomputing
• Slot clearing → remove cached value → hard-clear dependents recursively
• Effects rerun after the invalidation pass if any tracked dependency invalidated
• Effects scheduled only by dirty slot dependencies skip rerun if those slots validate unchanged
• Effect cleanup runs before rerun and on disposal

Design Goals

• Lazy evaluation: Values computed only when first accessed or when dirty caches are validated
• Ergonomic derived values: ctx.computed() is the preferred spelling for ordinary derived slots
• Fine-grained reactivity: Only affected dependents recompute
• Memoized invalidation: Equal intermediate ctx.memo() recomputation suppresses downstream recomputation/effect reruns
• Effects: Side effects are scheduled from the same dependency graph as slots
• Batching: Multiple writes can share one invalidation/effect flush boundary
• Zero mandatory runtime dependencies: The default library surface uses only the Rust standard library and smallvec; Tokio is optional and Criterion is dev-only for benchmarks
• Single-threaded fast path: Context uses a single RefCell<ContextInner> with no mutex overhead and no unsafe code
• Contiguous local storage: Both Context and ThreadSafeContext index nodes directly by SlotId in a Vec<Option<Node>> to avoid hash-map lookup and churn; slot IDs are reused via a free list to prevent unbounded growth from transient effects
• Explicit thread-safe path: ThreadSafeContext uses a context-level lock and Send + Sync bounds for shared reactive graphs
• Performance tracking: Criterion benchmarks cover both Context and ThreadSafeContext for cached reads, cold first access, dependency fan-out, memo equality suppression, effect flushing, and batch storms; ThreadSafeContext also tracks a 1/2/4/8/16-worker contention matrix that separates hot shared-slot writes, independent per-worker slots, read-mostly waiters, and batched write bursts.
• Benchmark instrumentation: The optional instrumentation feature exposes lightweight counters for recompute starts, duplicate speculative thread-safe computes, dependency edge churn, effect queue depth, reactive node allocations, aggregate ThreadSafeContext lock wait/hold timing, and per-operation thread-safe lock attribution.

Performance Benchmarks

The benchmark suite is a development-only surface under benches/context.rs. It must compile with cargo bench --no-run and should remain focused on public API behavior rather than private graph internals.

Required benchmark scenarios:

• Cached reads after the slot has already been computed
• Cold first get including graph construction and initial dependency capture
• Dependency fan-out invalidation followed by dependent reads
• Memo equality suppression where an equal intermediate value prevents downstream recomputation
• Effect flushing after dependency mutation
• Batch storms that coalesce many writes into one invalidation/effect flush boundary
• ThreadSafeContext set_cell invalidation isolation, split into:
  • high fan-out changed-cell invalidation without dependent reads
  • same-root/same-slot write contention without dependent reads
  • independent per-worker roots and slots without dependent reads
  • batched write bursts over per-worker cell groups without dependent reads
• ThreadSafeContext contention at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 workers, split into:
  • same-root/same-slot write plus read contention
  • independent per-worker roots and computed slots
  • read-mostly waiters with one writer and many readers
  • batched write bursts over per-worker cell groups
• ThreadSafeContext effect-heavy contention at 8 and 16 workers, split into:
  • effect queue coalescing across batched worker writes
  • effect cleanup execution during concurrent cell updates
  • nested batch flushes that schedule computed-effect dependencies
• ThreadSafeContext synchronization model checking with the optional loom feature

The optional instrumentation feature adds instrumentation_snapshot() and reset_instrumentation() to both context types and exports InstrumentationSnapshot. The snapshot records:

• Reactive node allocation events as a stable allocation proxy
• Slot recompute callback starts
• Duplicate speculative ThreadSafeContext recomputes that lose publication races; this should remain zero when in-flight deduplication is effective
• Dependency edges added and removed
• Effect queue pushes and maximum pending queue depth
• ThreadSafeContext lock/coordination acquisitions plus total wait and hold nanoseconds

ThreadSafeContext::lock_profile_snapshot() returns per-operation lock and coordination counters for the thread-safe path. The buckets are intentionally high-level: unattributed/other work, get refresh, dependency edge add/remove, set_cell invalidation, recompute publication, and in-flight recompute waiting. For the per-slot sidecar recompute Condvars, the in-flight wait bucket records the parked wait and reacquire boundary. The bucket acquisition counts must sum to the aggregate lock_acquisitions counter so profile consumers can attribute contention without losing the stable summary fields.

The instrumentation profile bench lives in benches/profile.rs and is gated behind required-features = ["instrumentation"]; compile it with cargo bench --features instrumentation --no-run.

The benchmark report harness lives at scripts/update-benchmark-results.py. It runs cargo bench --features instrumentation, reads Criterion estimate files from target/criterion, captures examples/instrumentation_profile.rs counter snapshots in target/lazily-instrumentation-profile.csv, and rewrites the generated README section between <!-- benchmark-results:start --> and <!-- benchmark-results:end -->. The generated section must include the current Cargo package version, the refresh command, the Criterion baseline comparison workflow, one timing row for each required benchmark scenario above, p50/p95 Criterion sample latency rows for the required 8/16-worker same-slot, independent-slot, read-mostly, batched-write, and effect-heavy cases, and instrumentation rows covering recomputes, duplicate speculative recomputes, dependency edge churn, effect queue depth, node allocations, lock wait/hold time, and per-operation ThreadSafeContext lock attribution for every 1/2/4/8/16-worker contention matrix profile and every set_cell invalidation isolation profile. The generated section must also publish regression budgets for the slow contention profiles and their lock-site acquisition totals. --check verifies that the README section is already current without rewriting it and fails when required p50/p95 latency rows are missing or any instrumentation profile exceeds its lock-acquisition budget; --no-run reuses existing Criterion estimate files for a report-only refresh after a manual baseline comparison run while refreshing the instrumentation CSV unless it is also running in check mode.

Serialization (lazily-serde feature gate)

The serde feature is declared in Cargo.toml but currently has no implementation. Its purpose is to produce a serializable snapshot of context state so the planned lazily-ipc (snapshot + incremental update protocol) and lazily-distributed (CRDT/Raft remote graphs) layers have a stable on-the-wire representation to build on. This section fixes the design of that feature gate before any code lands.

The type-erasure problem

Context and ThreadSafeContext store cached values as type-erased trait objects (Rc<dyn Any> and Arc<dyn Any + Send + Sync>; see Typed cache fast-path). serde::Serialize is not object-safe — it has a generic serialize<S: Serializer> method — so a dyn Any cannot be serialized directly, and the concrete type T is gone by the time a snapshot walks the node Vec. Any serialization design must recover the ability to call a monomorphized Serialize/Deserialize for each node’s erased T. Two approaches were considered.

Approach A — trait bounds (erased-serde style)

Replace dyn Any cache storage with a serialize-aware trait object — a sealed dyn ReactiveValue: Any whose vtable also carries an erased_serde-style erased_serialize(&self, &mut dyn Serializer). Every signal-creation API (slot, computed, memo, cell) gains a T: Serialize + DeserializeOwned bound under #[cfg(feature = "serde")].

• Pros: serialization is total — every cached node is serializable with no per-node opt-in; one storage type, one source of truth.
• Cons:
  • The T: Serialize bound is viral: it propagates through the whole public API and leaks onto Context itself even for signals that are never serialized, forcing callers to satisfy it for purely local reactive state.
  • Requires either the erased-serde crate or a hand-rolled vtable equivalent — acceptable under a feature gate but still added surface.
  • Breaks the typed cache fast-path. That optimization recovers &T via an unchecked pointer cast keyed on an inline TypeId; swapping the trait object out from under it for a serialize-aware type would have to preserve the same unchecked-cast guarantee.
  • Deserialize is the hard half: reconstruction needs the concrete type at the call site, so a type-tag → constructor registry is required anyway — Approach A does not avoid the registry, it only adds the viral bound on top of it.

Approach B — type-erased closures captured at creation (recommended)

Keep dyn Any storage untouched. At signal creation under the serde feature, capture a monomorphized serde vtable — a small &'static struct of function pointers — alongside the TypeId the typed cache fast-path already records:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
pub struct SerdeVTable {
    pub type_tag: &'static str,                                  // stable cross-process key
    pub serialize:   fn(&dyn Any, &mut dyn erased_serde::Serializer)
                       -> Result<(), erased_serde::Error>,
    pub deserialize: fn(&mut dyn erased_serde::Deserializer)
                       -> Result<Rc<dyn Any>, erased_serde::Error>,
}
}

Each SlotNode/CellNode (and the ThreadSafe*FastPath mirrors) gains a #[cfg(feature = "serde")] serde_vtable: Option<&'static SerdeVTable> field, set once at slot() / computed() / memo() / cell() creation. The thunks are monomorphized per T at the construction call site, so the concrete type is captured exactly where it is still known; invoking serialize downcasts the &dyn Any back to &T and calls the real T: Serialize.

• Pros:
  • Composes with the typed cache fast-path — both capture per-T metadata at creation; the read hot path is untouched and pays zero overhead (thunks run only at snapshot time).
  • Opt-in per node. A signal whose T: !Serialize stores None and is emitted as an Opaque placeholder, matching how lazily-ipc will snapshot only an explicitly shared subgraph rather than the whole context. No viral bound on Context.
  • The deserialize thunk doubles as the type-tag → constructor registry Approach A needs anyway; populating it at slot construction keeps tags and constructors in one place.
• Cons:
  • Per-node storage grows by one pointer (Option<&'static SerdeVTable>, 8 bytes) — eliminated entirely when the serde feature is off via #[cfg(feature = "serde")] on the field.
  • Without specialization on stable Rust, “serialize if T: Serialize, else None” needs a sealed MaybeSerialize<T> autoref/marker helper or explicit *_serde constructor variants rather than a blanket impl.

Decision

Adopt Approach B. The lazily-ipc/lazily-distributed roadmap serializes an explicit allowlisted RemoteOp set (#39c5), not arbitrary nodes, so the totality Approach A buys is unneeded — and it costs a viral bound plus a rework of the typed cache fast-path to buy it. Approach B keeps the default build byte-for-byte identical (field compiled out), preserves the zero-overhead read path, and reuses the TypeId-at-creation pattern already proven by the typed cache.

Feature-gate shape

• serde = ["dep:serde"] (declared) gains dep:erased-serde under the same gate; both stay optional, preserving the zero mandatory runtime dependency goal.
• A sealed MaybeSerialize<T> helper resolves the vtable to Some when T: Serialize + DeserializeOwned and None otherwise, so existing constructor signatures are unchanged and non-serializable signals keep compiling.
• Context::snapshot() / ThreadSafeContext::snapshot() walk live nodes, invoke each present vtable, and emit ContextSnapshot { nodes: Vec<NodeSnapshot { slot_id, type_tag, payload | Opaque }> }. Restoration reads type_tag, looks up the deserialize thunk, and rebuilds typed cache entries.
• This snapshot type is the input to #ipc2 (snapshot + incremental update protocol) and the value substrate for #ipc3 (CRDT vs Raft).

IPC snapshot + incremental update protocol (lazily-ipc)

lazily-ipc transmits a reactive graph’s state to a remote observer and keeps it in sync as the graph mutates. It builds directly on the ContextSnapshot from the lazily-serde design and reuses the existing batch-flush and cache-revision machinery as its consistency boundary rather than inventing a new one.

Two message kinds

• Snapshot — full graph state. Sent on connect and on resync.
• Delta — incremental change set. Sent once per outermost batch-flush invalidation pass — the single atomic graph-mutation boundary the thread-safe path already guarantees (see Threading and Concurrency Contract: “Batch exit … a single atomic graph mutation boundary and one coalesced effect flush per outermost invalidation pass”). Coalescing is therefore free: one delta per flush, never one per set_cell.

Epoch / versioning

A context-level monotonic ipc_epoch: u64 advances once per outermost batch flush, not per write. It is independent of the per-slot cache_revision atomics (which remain the read-path dirty epoch) — ipc_epoch is the wire sequence number.

• Snapshot carries epoch.
• Each Delta carries { base_epoch, epoch } with epoch == base_epoch + 1. Deltas are strictly sequential, so a receiver detects any gap, reorder, or sender restart by checking base_epoch == last_epoch.

Payloads

Snapshot { epoch: u64, nodes: Vec<NodeSnapshot>,           // NodeSnapshot from lazily-serde
           edges: Vec<(SlotId /*dependent*/, SlotId /*dependency*/)>,
           roots: Vec<SlotId> }                            // cells + source slots

Delta { base_epoch: u64, epoch: u64, ops: Vec<DeltaOp> }

DeltaOp =
  | CellSet    { slot_id, payload }           // changed-value cell write (PartialEq-guarded)
  | SlotValue  { slot_id, payload }           // a recompute published a new value
  | Invalidate { slot_id }                    // dirtied, not yet recomputed (lazy)
  | NodeAdd    { slot_id, type_tag, payload | Opaque }
  | NodeRemove { slot_id }                    // freed slot id (free-list reuse → Remove then Add)
  | EdgeAdd    { dependent, dependency }
  | EdgeRemove { dependent, dependency }

Consistency invariants (inherited, not re-derived)

• PartialEq cell guard: an equal set_cell invalidates nothing, so it emits no CellSet and no downstream ops — the wire is silent exactly when the graph is (SPEC Invalidation Semantics).
• memo equality suppression: a dirty memo() that recomputes to an equal value emits no SlotValue and no downstream Invalidate, mirroring the local “downstream dirty slots become fresh without recomputing” rule.
• Coalesced frontier: a dependent reached through many changed cells in one batch appears at most once per delta — the same once-per-pass guarantee the thread-safe frontier already enforces.

Lazy reconciliation

Because lazily-rs is lazy, a flush can invalidate a slot without producing a new value. Two receiver modes:

• Value-mirror (default for IPC): at flush the sender resolves each invalidated allowlisted slot via ctx.get() so the delta carries concrete SlotValues. The receiver stays a pure data mirror holding no compute closures. Trades local laziness for a value-complete wire image.
• Mirror-lazy: the sender emits bare Invalidate and the receiver keeps a stale marker, recomputing only on its own read. This requires the compute closures to be replicated too and is therefore deferred to lazily-distributed (#ipc3), not lazily-ipc.

Resync / gap handling

The receiver tracks last_epoch. On a Delta whose base_epoch != last_epoch (gap, reorder, or sender restart) it discards the delta and requests a Snapshot; the sender replies with a fresh Snapshot { epoch } and resumes deltas from there. Messages are length-prefixed and tagged Snapshot / Delta via serde/erased-serde; the protocol is transport-agnostic (unix socket, pipe, WebSocket — the last feeds the #yxjw signaling server).

Permission boundary (forward link to #39c5)

Only nodes on the per-peer allowlist (#39c5 RemoteOp) are serialized into a snapshot or delta; non-allowlisted nodes are omitted entirely — not even as Opaque — so a peer cannot infer their existence. The allowlist is applied at snapshot/delta construction, before serialization, so the filter is the same on the full and incremental paths.

Implemented (#39c5)

The permission policy layer ships behind the distributed feature in src/distributed.rs:

• NodeId / PeerId — wire-stable identifiers (decoupled from the internal SlotId), serde-derived under the serde feature.
• OpKind (Read / Write / TriggerEffect) and RemoteOp { kind, node } — the gated, serializable unit a peer requests; the three kinds are gated independently (a read grant never implies write or effect-trigger).
• PeerPermissions — default-deny per-peer allowlist with allow, allow_many, revoke (prunes empty peer entries), revoke_peer, is_allowed, and a fail-closed check → Result<(), PermissionDenied>.
• filter_readable(peer, nodes) enforces the omission invariant above: non-readable nodes are dropped from the result entirely, preserving input order, so it can be applied at snapshot/delta construction before serialization.

PeerPermissions is local server-side state and is intentionally not serializable; only the wire-facing RemoteOp family is. Higher layers (lazily-ipc snapshot/delta construction, the lazily-distributed CRDT cell plane, and the single-writer effect authority) gate every remote request through check and build observable subgraphs through filter_readable.

Feature gate

A new ipc = ["serde"] feature adds the pure-protocol Snapshot/Delta types plus a transport-agnostic IpcSink / IpcSource trait pair. No transport dependency enters the core crate. The Delta/ipc_epoch model is a single-writer linear log; whether multi-writer needs CRDT merge or Raft consensus on top of that log is exactly the #ipc3 question.

Implemented surface:

• Snapshot { epoch, nodes, edges, roots }, NodeSnapshot, NodeState, and EdgeSnapshot define the full graph image.
• Delta { base_epoch, epoch, ops } and DeltaOp define the one-flush incremental image. Delta::next(base_epoch, ops) enforces epoch == base_epoch + 1; Delta::apply_status(last_epoch) returns Apply or ResyncRequired.
• Snapshot::filter_readable and Delta::filter_readable apply PeerPermissions before serialization. Non-readable nodes and operations are omitted entirely; edges are retained only when both endpoints are readable.
• IpcMessage, IpcSink, and IpcSource keep Unix sockets, pipes, WebSockets, and shared-memory ring buffers outside the core crate.
• ShmBlobArena, ShmBlobRef, and IpcValue::SharedBlob provide the shared memory payload path. The arena writes a fixed header before each payload with generation, epoch, length, and checksum metadata; readers validate that header before accepting a descriptor. IpcMessage control frames can carry a ShmBlobRef instead of embedding large bytes inline.

Formal companion: lazily-spec/formal/lean models the shared IPC Snapshot/Delta state machine in Lean 4 and proves the epoch sequencing, fail-closed resync, PartialEq/memo suppression, batch coalescing, and eager Signal slot_value invariants. It is intentionally a spec-layer oracle; Rust implementation behavior remains covered by the crate tests and conformance fixtures.

Shared-memory IPC is therefore a supported transport direction, not a separate reactive-graph mode: the shared memory segment carries large blob payloads, and the ordinary control transport carries framed IpcMessages with blob descriptors. Each process keeps its own local Context / ThreadSafeContext and reconciles via snapshots and deltas. A live Context is not shared across process address spaces.

Cross-language channel compatibility (FFI / IPC / WebSocket / WebRTC data)

Yes: lazily-rs has a viable FFI strategy, but the FFI layer should be an adapter around the same transport-agnostic state plane used by IPC and distributed peers. It should not expose the closure-based Rust Context, ThreadSafeContext, SlotHandle<T>, CellHandle<T>, or &T cached values directly across an ABI boundary.

Compatibility model

The cross-language lazily family has one canonical message plane:

• IpcMessage::Snapshot and IpcMessage::Delta are the graph-state payloads.
• NodeId, PeerId, RemoteOp, Snapshot, Delta, and DeltaOp are the wire-facing contract; internal SlotId values and typed handles remain local implementation details.
• IpcPayload is opaque serialized value bytes. The producing language owns type-aware encoding through stable type_tags; the channel only moves bytes.
• ShmBlobRef is a descriptor carried by a control frame. Shared memory stores large payload bytes, but reconciliation still happens through ordinary IpcMessages.

Every supported channel carries that same message plane:

FFI boundary shape

The Rust FFI surface is deliberately narrow:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
#[repr(C)]
pub struct LazilyFfiBytes {
    pub ptr: *mut u8,
    pub len: usize,
}

#[repr(C)]
pub enum LazilyFfiStatus {
    Ok = 0,
    Empty = 1,
    NullPointer = 2,
    InvalidMessage = 3,
    EncodeFailed = 4,
    Panic = 5,
}

#[repr(C)]
pub enum LazilyFfiMessageKind {
    Unknown = 0,
    Snapshot = 1,
    Delta = 2,
}
}

The ffi feature exports extern "C" functions for creating/freeing an opaque LazilyFfiChannel, validating/classifying JSON-encoded IpcMessage frames, enqueueing accepted frames, receiving Rust-owned LazilyFfiBytes frames, and freeing buffers allocated by Rust. All allocation ownership is explicit: the caller owns input bytes, Rust owns output buffers until the paired free function is called. Errors return LazilyFfiStatus; panics must be caught before crossing the C ABI.

The implemented channel is a local ABI adapter. It decodes each accepted frame as IpcMessage, then re-encodes canonical JSON bytes before enqueueing or returning a cloned frame. That keeps FFI byte transport aligned with IPC, WebSocket, and WebRTC data transport while leaving snapshot export, delta application to a live graph, and richer typed convenience APIs as higher-level work on top of the same message plane.

The FFI layer may expose convenience helpers for local cells, but those helpers still encode/decode through the same type_tag + payload registry used by lazily-serde. A foreign runtime can therefore choose either direct local FFI calls or framed IPC/WebSocket/WebRTC transport without changing the graph-state protocol.

Shared library build

The crate produces both an rlib (for Rust consumers) and a cdylib (for FFI consumers) via crate-type = ["lib", "cdylib"] in Cargo.toml.

• make build-ffi builds the shared library with the ffi feature enabled.
• make ffi-headers generates a C header file (target/lazily.h) via cbindgen using cbindgen.toml.
• Future options include safer-ffi (safer FFI wrappers with auto-generated headers) and diplomat (multi-language binding generation). The current cbindgen approach is sufficient for C ABI consumers.

Binary serialization (ipc-binary feature)

The ipc-binary feature adds optional binary serialization via postcard alongside the default JSON codec. Binary frames are significantly smaller and faster for performance-critical paths between same-language or binary-aware peers.

• IpcMessage::encode_binary() / IpcMessage::decode_binary() — postcard encode/decode on the IpcMessage type.
• IpcMessage::encode_json() / IpcMessage::decode_json() — JSON encode/decode (gated behind the ffi feature which pulls in serde_json).
• FFI binary functions: lazily_ffi_channel_send_binary, lazily_ffi_channel_recv_binary, lazily_ffi_ipc_message_validate_binary, lazily_ffi_ipc_message_kind_binary, lazily_ffi_ipc_message_clone_binary — mirror the JSON FFI functions but use the postcard codec.
• EncodeError / DecodeError — codec-agnostic error types with Json and Binary variants gated by their respective features.

The binary codec is not self-describing; peers must agree on the schema. For cross-language use, JSON remains the default; binary is for same-Rust or postcard-aware transports.

WebRTC data channel transport (webrtc-data feature)

WebRTC data channels carry IpcMessage frames peer-to-peer after the signaling-client (#yxjw) completes SDP/ICE negotiation. This is the internet-scale transport layer — no server relay needed for graph state after the initial signaling handshake.

Feature gate

webrtc-data = ["ipc", "dep:str0m", "dep:tokio"]

Uses str0m for the WebRTC stack (pure Rust, no C dependencies) and tokio for async runtime integration. Separate from signaling-client so consumers can use signaling without incurring the full WebRTC dependency.

Transport interface

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
#[cfg(feature = "webrtc-data")]
pub struct WebRtcDataChannel {
    // str0m session wrapping a single data channel
}

#[cfg(feature = "webrtc-data")]
impl IpcSink for WebRtcDataChannel {
    type Error = WebRtcDataError;
    fn send(&mut self, message: &IpcMessage) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
}

#[cfg(feature = "webrtc-data")]
impl IpcSource for WebRtcDataChannel {
    type Error = WebRtcDataError;
    fn recv(&mut self) -> Result<Option<IpcMessage>, Self::Error>;
}
}

Channel contract

• Ordered + reliable: data channels must be created with ordered: true, maxRetransmits: None so Delta delivery matches the single-writer epoch contract. Unordered/unreliable channels are only acceptable for optional lossy telemetry, never for graph state.
• Framing: each IpcMessage is length-prefixed (4-byte LE length + payload). Binary or JSON codec negotiated during capability handshake.
• Back-pressure: send blocks or yields when the SCTP congestion window is full; the caller must not flood faster than the channel drains.
• Reconnect: on channel close or SCTP failure, the transport signals Err so the caller can re-signaling and re-establish a fresh channel. The Delta resync mechanism handles any gap.

Lifecycle

1. SignalingClient exchanges SDP offer/answer with peer via #yxjw
2. ICE candidates trickle through the signaling channel
3. On ICE completion, WebRtcDataChannel::from_sdp(local_sdp, remote_sdp) creates the str0m session and opens the data channel
4. Capability handshake on the data channel (protocol id, codec, features)
5. IpcMessage frames flow bidirectionally
6. On disconnect, re-signaling via SignalingClient and repeat

Integration test surface

• tests/webrtc_data.rs — gated behind #[cfg(feature = "webrtc-data")]
• Loopback test: create two str0m sessions back-to-back, send IpcMessage::Snapshot and IpcMessage::Delta, verify round-trip
• Codec negotiation: JSON and binary on the same channel
• Ordered delivery: send 100 deltas, verify epoch order on recv
• make test-webrtc-data target in Makefile

str0m backends: loopback vs networked (webrtc-str0m feature)

The webrtc-str0m feature ships two concrete DataChannel backends over the same sans-IO str0m pump loop, differing only in transport and clock:

• Str0mLoopback (src/str0m_backend.rs) — two Rtc instances in one thread, connected by an in-memory packet route advanced on a synthetic clock. No sockets, no threads, no wall-clock dependency, so the full ICE/DTLS/SCTP handshake is deterministically testable in-process. This is the unit/CI substrate for the WebRtcSink/WebRtcSource bridge.
• Str0mNet (src/str0m_net.rs) — one Rtc driven over a real UDP socket by a background driver thread, with the SDP offer/answer and trickled ICE candidates exchanged by the caller (typically over SignalingClient, #yxjw). This is the real “beyond signaling” peer-to-peer path that can reach a peer on another host.

Str0mNet lifecycle:

1. Str0mNet::offer(bind) → binds the UDP socket, opens the lazily-ipc channel, returns the SDP offer string; Str0mNet::answer(bind, offer) returns the SDP answer string. The offerer applies the peer’s answer with accept_answer.
2. Each peer exposes its host candidate via local_candidate(); the caller trickles it to the remote, which feeds it to add_remote_candidate().
3. The driver thread pumps poll_output → UDP send_to, and UDP recv_from → handle_input, advancing real timers, until the SCTP data channel opens (wait_open). Inbound frames queue for try_recv_frame; outbound frames requested before open are buffered and flushed on open.
4. On ChannelClose, socket failure, or a dead Rtc, the channel reports closed so the sync sink/source surface Err and the caller re-signals.

Because Str0mNet needs live two-peer connectivity it cannot use the synthetic clock. tests/str0m_net.rs exercises a real two-socket round trip over 127.0.0.1 (real UDP/DTLS/SCTP/timers); a cross-host round trip through the live signaling Worker is operator-gated.

Str0mNet outbound backpressure contract (#lzstr0mframe)

The Str0mNet driver’s outbound frame queue is bounded at MAX_PENDING_FRAMES (1024). When a caller’s send_frame rate exceeds the SCTP drain rate, the driver applies backpressure on two layers:

1. Channel::write backpressure (Ok(false)) — str0m returns Ok(false) when the SCTP send buffer is full. The driver’s flush loop re-queues the frame and yields (rather than popping it), so the next poll_output / recv_from cycle can drain the SCTP window and accept the frame on the following iteration. Pre-#lzstr0mframe this branch was a bare if ch.write(...).is_err() { break; } that ignored the bool, silently dropping every frame that hit the Ok(false) path — violating the ordered/reliable DataChannel invariant WebRtcSink/WebRtcSource rely on.
2. Queue cap (Str0mNetError::Backpressure) — once the driver’s out_pending VecDeque reaches MAX_PENDING_FRAMES, send_frame itself returns Err(Str0mNetError::Backpressure) so the caller applies flow control (sleep / await / shed load) instead of growing memory without bound. The counter is decremented when Channel::write accepts the frame (Ok(true)) and reset to zero on driver exit (the queue will never drain after close).

The regression test burst_of_frames_arrives_in_order_under_backpressure exercises this contract by bursting 100 × 8 KiB frames through a single Str0mNetChannel and asserting all 100 arrive in order at the remote peer, retrying on Backpressure as needed.

Str0mNet driver I/O error handling (#lzstr0mpolldrive)

The driver’s UDP I/O surfaces failures instead of silently dropping packets:

• socket.send_to — pre-fix this was let _ = socket.send_to(...), which discarded every error: ENOBUFS (send-buffer pressure), ECONNREFUSED (ICMP port-unreachable, peer down), ENETUNREACH/EHOSTUNREACH (route flap), EBADF (socket closed). The corresponding ICE/DTLS/SCTP packet was silently lost and the handshake stalled without diagnostics. Post-fix, WouldBlock/Interrupted retryable errors continue the drain loop (str0m re-emits the Transmit on a later poll_output); any other error breaks the driver ('outer), surfacing Closed so the caller re-signals.
• Read-timeout cap as command-poll interval — recv_from waits at most COMMAND_POLL_INTERVAL (15 ms) so control commands (Send / AcceptAnswer / AddRemoteCandidate / Shutdown) read from cmd_rx at the top of each outer iteration stay bounded-latency. This is not a str0m timing parameter: str0m is fed an accurate time advance via Input::Timeout(now) whenever the socket times out without data, and an “early” Input::Timeout (every 15 ms during idle) is harmless — str0m just re-emits its pending deadline if it isn’t time yet.

Signaling glue: Str0mNet over SignalingClient (#lzwebrtcwire)

Str0mNet exchanges its SDP offer/answer and trickled ICE candidates out of band; SignalingClient (#yxjw, below) is the out-of-band channel. The webrtc_signaling module (enabled when both signaling-client and webrtc-str0m are on) is the wire between them — two async driver functions that own the full handshake:

• offer_to_peer(client, peer, bind, timeout) — binds the socket via Str0mNet::offer, sends the SDP offer and the local local_candidate() to peer over the signaling client, then pumps incoming ServerMessages (answer → accept_answer, ice → add_remote_candidate) until the data channel opens, returning the connected Str0mNet.
• answer_next_offer(client, bind, timeout) — waits for the next offer frame, produces the SDP answer via Str0mNet::answer, returns the answer + local candidate over signaling, applies any ICE candidate that raced ahead of the offer, then pumps until open. Returns the offering PeerId and the connected Str0mNet.

Both pump loops re-check Str0mNet::is_open() on a short poll tick as well as on each signaling frame, because the channel opens on the backend’s driver thread, off the signaling path. The caller is responsible for learning the target peer is present (from the welcome roster or a peer-joined frame) before offering; an offer to an absent peer is dropped by the relay and surfaces only as a timeout.

tests/webrtc_signaling.rs drives this end to end over a loopback signaling relay: an in-process tokio-tungstenite server implementing the #yxjw roster + from-stamped routing on 127.0.0.1, two real SignalingClient WebSocket connections, and the real Str0mNet UDP/DTLS/SCTP transport — proving a permission-filtered Snapshot crosses a data channel negotiated entirely through SignalingClient. The only remaining slice is the live two-host / NAT run through the deployed #yxjw Worker, which is operator-gated (#h6qb).

Capability negotiation

Each non-local session starts with a small compatibility handshake before graph state flows:

• protocol id: lazily-ipc
• protocol major version
• codec (json today; binary codecs can be transport crates as long as they encode the same IpcMessage schema)
• maximum frame size and fragmentation support
• ordered/reliable delivery guarantee
• PeerId and session/graph id
• supported features such as shared-blob, crdt-cell-plane, and signaling-relay

If peers disagree on protocol major version, codec, ordering guarantees, or required feature flags, they fail closed before applying any Snapshot or Delta.

Cross-language family rules

• The shared semantics are lazy slots, mutable cells, dynamic dependency tracking, PartialEq/equality-guarded invalidation, memo equality suppression, batching, and permission-filtered snapshots/deltas.
• Compute closures are language-local. Cross-language sync shares the cell state plane by default; derived slots converge remotely only when peers use a shared compiled graph or an explicit compute-descriptor system.
• JavaScript/TypeScript peers must keep PeerId values at or below Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, matching the #s0fc signaling protocol.
• Permission filtering happens before serialization on every channel. A WebSocket relay, WebRTC data channel, or FFI caller must not receive nodes or operations that PeerPermissions would omit.
• Channel code must preserve back-pressure and resync behavior: if frame delivery gaps, reorders, truncates, or exceeds negotiated size, the receiver requests a fresh Snapshot instead of applying a partial delta.

This keeps FFI viable without making it a special semantic path. FFI, IPC, WebSocket, and WebRTC data differ only in framing, ownership, and reliability; the lazily family stays compatible because all channels carry the same permission-filtered IpcMessage state plane.

Multi-writer coordination: CRDT vs Raft (lazily-distributed)

lazily-ipc (above) is a single-writer linear log: one authority mutates the graph and streams Deltas stamped by a monotonic ipc_epoch. lazily-distributed asks the harder question — when multiple peers may write the same shared reactive graph, what coordination model orders those writes: a CRDT (conflict-free replicated data types, eventual consistency) or Raft (leader-ordered consensus, strong consistency)?

The reactive structure collapses most of the question

The key observation is that not all graph state is writable. lazily-rs has exactly two node kinds with respect to authorship:

• Cells / source slots — externally writable. These are the only state a peer can directly set.
• Derived slots (computed / memo) — pure deterministic functions of their dependencies. They are never written; they recompute. Their values, and the dynamic dependency topology discovered during recompute, are a deterministic view of the cell state — provided every peer runs identical compute closures (the closure-replication prerequisite already flagged as lazily-ipc’s mirror-lazy mode).

So coordination is only needed on the small cell plane. The entire derived graph — typically the large majority of nodes, plus all edges and the effect schedule — converges automatically once the cells converge and recompute runs. This is the same property the local engine already relies on: derived state is a function, not a source of truth.

The two models on the cell plane

Recommendation — CRDT cell plane (HLC-stamped registers), not Raft

Adopt a CRDT layer on the cell plane only, with derived slots recomputing deterministically on each peer. Concretely:

• Each replicated cell is a register CRDT keyed by a hybrid logical clock (HLC) — wall-clock for human-meaningful ordering, logical counter for causal tiebreak. Two flavors, chosen per cell via a trait:
  • LWW-register (last-write-wins) — default; “current value” semantics that most reactive cells want. Silently drops the losing concurrent write.
  • MV-register (multi-value) — surfaces concurrent writes as a set for the compute layer (or app) to resolve, when dropping a write is unacceptable.
  • Additive cells can opt into a PN-counter instead of a register.
• The local PartialEq invalidation guard still applies — after merge: a merge that yields an equal value invalidates nothing, exactly as a local equal set_cell does. memo equality suppression likewise holds post-merge, so convergent peers do the same downstream work.
• lazily-ipc’s Delta generalizes from one monotonic ipc_epoch to per-peer causal stamps: each peer keeps its own sequence; cross-peer order comes from the HLC/dot metadata carried on each CellSet. Delivery can be out-of-order; merge is commutative/associative/idempotent so gaps self-heal without the snapshot-resync that the single-writer log needed.

Raft is the wrong default because the lazily-distributed roadmap is explicitly availability-first — P2P signaling (#yxjw) and offline peers — and Raft trades exactly that away for a global total order that the reactive model does not need: derived state is already deterministic, and the writable surface is small.

The narrow exception — irreversible effects need an authority

CRDT convergence is correct for state. It is not sufficient for effects that perform irreversible external actions (send an email, charge a card, fire a webhook): convergence may run the same effect on every peer, or run it twice as merges arrive. Pure state can converge; an external side effect cannot be merged.

For that narrow class, gate the effect behind a single-writer effect authority — a designated peer (or a small Raft group owning only the effect-intent log, not the whole graph) decides when an irreversible effect fires, at-most-once. This is a hybrid: CRDT for the state plane, a single-writer/Raft authority for the irreversible-effect plane, with the #39c5 RemoteOp allowlist already gating which remote writes and effects a peer may trigger at all. The large reactive core stays leaderless and local-first; only the small irreversible-effect tail pays for consensus.

Open prototype gates (deferred to implementation)

• HLC skew bounds and the LWW-vs-MV default per cell category.
• Whether closure replication (required for peers to recompute derived slots) is shipped as serialized compute descriptors or restricted to a shared compiled graph — this gates how much of the derived plane can live remotely at all.
• Delta-state vs op-based CRDT encoding on the wire, reusing lazily-serde.

Internet-scale peer discovery: signaling server (#yxjw)

The CRDT cell plane (above) is leaderless and local-first, but peers still have to find each other and open transport before any Delta can flow. On a LAN that is mDNS or a known address; across the internet it needs a rendezvous point. #yxjw is that rendezvous: a small Cloudflare Worker signaling server that brokers peer discovery and relays the WebRTC SDP/ICE handshake so peers can establish direct P2P data channels, falling back to server relay of opaque payloads when a direct channel cannot be formed. It is strictly a discovery + relay layer — it never parses or merges CRDT state, so it stays trivially horizontally scalable and never becomes the consistency authority the CRDT design deliberately avoids.

Why a Cloudflare Worker + Durable Objects

• One Durable Object per session id. A WebSocket upgrade to GET /session/:id routes to a SignalingRoom DO keyed by idFromName(sessionId). Cloudflare guarantees a single global instance per id, so each session gets a lock-free single-threaded coordination point for its roster with no external store. Scale is achieved by sharding sessions across DO instances, not by growing one server — which matches the availability-first, P2P posture of the CRDT recommendation (it “fits #yxjw signaling”).
• Edge-local. Workers run close to peers worldwide, minimizing handshake latency; the DO migrates to wherever its session is most active.

Roles and protocol

The server tracks a per-session roster of connected peers and forwards three classes of frame. PeerId is the same u64 as Rust PeerId (serialized by serde as a bare JSON number; ids must stay ≤ Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER).

• Client → server: join { peer, capabilities? }, offer { to, sdp }, answer { to, sdp }, ice { to, candidate }, relay { to, payload }, leave.
• Server → client: welcome { peer, peers } (roster on join), peer-joined/peer-left, forwarded offer/answer/ice/relay stamped with the real from, and error { code, message }.

Anti-spoofing: the from on every forwarded frame is the sender connection’s registered peer id, never a client-supplied field, so a peer cannot impersonate another.

Permission boundary (reuses #39c5)

Admission and relay are gated by SignalingPermissions, the discovery-layer mirror of lazily::distributed::PeerPermissions:

• open mode — any peer may join and signal any other joined peer (trusted / LAN / common discovery case).
• allowlist mode — default-deny: a peer may join only when explicitly granted, and may send directed frames only to explicitly allowed targets, exactly as #39c5 gates RemoteOp. This is the discovery-layer half of the same boundary; the Rust data plane still re-checks every RemoteOp locally.

Reconnect / resync

The roster lives in the DO; it is authoritative. A peer that drops simply re-joins and receives a fresh welcome roster — no snapshot epoch is needed at this layer because signaling carries no CRDT state (the data plane’s HLC/dot-stamped Deltas self-heal independently per the CRDT design).

Implemented (#yxjw)

Ships as a standalone TypeScript Worker under signaling/ (its own Node toolchain; not part of the Rust crate build):

• src/protocol.ts — wire types + untrusted-frame validation/codec.
• src/permissions.ts — SignalingPermissions (open / default-deny allowlist).
• src/room-core.ts — transport-agnostic RoomCore: roster, routing, anti-spoofing, permission gating.
• src/room.ts — SignalingRoom Durable Object (thin WebSocket adapter).
• src/index.ts — Worker entry: /health + /session/:id routing.
• test/ — 24 vitest tests (protocol/permissions/room-core units plus an end-to-end Worker + DO + WebSocket test in the workerd runtime).

Open gates (deferred)

• TURN/relay fallback policy when both peers are behind symmetric NAT (today the server can relay payloads, but a dedicated TURN allocation is out of scope).
• Authenticated admission tokens feeding the allowlist grants from an external identity source rather than static configuration.
• Capacity/back-pressure limits per session DO.

Consumable clients (#s0fc)

So a project can depend on the signaling endpoint for distributed peer discovery (the plan for agent-doc), the endpoint ships two clients that speak one shared wire protocol — this section is the normative source of truth both conform to.

Wire protocol (normative). All frames are JSON with a type tag. PeerId is a u64 serialized as a bare JSON number (Rust PeerId(u64) ⇄ TS number; keep ids ≤ 2^53).

• Client → server: join {peer, capabilities?}, offer {to, sdp}, answer {to, sdp}, ice {to, candidate}, relay {to, payload}, leave.
• Server → client: welcome {peer, peers}, peer-joined {peer}, peer-left {peer}, offer/answer/ice/relay (each stamped from), error {code, message}.

Rust client (signaling-client feature, src/signaling_client.rs): lazily::SignalingClient::connect(base_url, session, peer) opens a tokio-tungstenite WebSocket to {base_url}/session/{session}, joins, and exposes offer/answer/ice/relay/leave plus recv() for ServerMessages. ClientMessage/ServerMessage are serde-tagged (rename_all = "kebab-case") and reuse the #39c5 PeerId. Conformance tests assert the exact JSON shapes above. The feature pulls tokio-tungstenite (rustls) only when enabled; the default build is unaffected.

TypeScript client (@lazily/signaling package, signaling/src/client.ts): SignalingClient.connect(baseUrl, session, peer) (or attach(socket, peer) for a pre-opened socket) works against any WebSocket-like transport (browser, Node ≥ 22, or injected), with onMessage + the same send helpers. The package exports ./client and ./protocol. Unit tests plus an end-to-end test drive the real Worker + Durable Object in workerd.

Both clients are covered in CI (cargo test --features signaling-client; the Worker job’s npm run check). The Rust conformance tests and the TS protocol share the byte-for-byte frame shapes defined above, so the two implementations stay wire-compatible.

Differences from lazily-zig

Differences from lazily-py

lazily Wire Protocol

Language-agnostic protocol reference for the lazily reactive-graph family (lazily-rs, lazily-py, lazily-zig). This document describes the wire format, message schemas, and transport contracts. Language-specific APIs live in each binding’s own documentation.

Message Plane

All channels (FFI, IPC, WebSocket, WebRTC data) carry the same two message kinds:

• Snapshot — full graph image, sent on connect and on resync
• Delta — incremental change set, sent once per outermost batch flush

These are tagged as IpcMessage:

{ "Snapshot": { ... } }
{ "Delta": { ... } }

Wire Types

NodeId

Stable wire identifier for a reactive node (cell or slot). Decoupled from language-internal allocation IDs.

{ "node": 1 }

Wire format: u64 wrapped in a "node" field.

PeerId

Identifies a remote peer.

{ "peer": 42 }

Wire format: u64. JavaScript peers must keep this at or below Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER.

OpKind

Access category for a remote operation.

RemoteOp

A single operation a remote peer may request.

{ "kind": "Read", "node": 1 }

IpcPayload

Opaque serialized value bytes. The producing language owns type-aware encoding through type_tag; the channel only moves bytes.

Wire format: array of u8 (JSON array of integers).

NodeState

Serialization state for a node.

{ "Payload": [1, 2, 3, 4] }
"Opaque"
{ "SharedBlob": { "offset": 0, "len": 16, "generation": 1, "epoch": 9, "checksum": 123456789 } }

ShmBlobRef

Descriptor for a payload stored in a shared-memory blob arena.

IpcValue

Value stored inline or by shared-memory blob reference.

{ "Inline": [10, 20, 30] }
{ "SharedBlob": { "offset": 40, "len": 17, "generation": 2, "epoch": 9, "checksum": 987654321 } }

Snapshot Message

Full graph image sent on connect or resync.

Schema

Snapshot {
  epoch: u64,
  nodes: Vec<NodeSnapshot>,
  edges: Vec<EdgeSnapshot>,
  roots: Vec<NodeId>
}

NodeSnapshot

NodeSnapshot {
  node: NodeId,
  type_tag: string,
  state: NodeState
}

EdgeSnapshot

EdgeSnapshot {
  dependent: NodeId,
  dependency: NodeId
}

Example: Minimal snapshot

{
  "Snapshot": {
    "epoch": 1,
    "nodes": [
      {
        "node": 1,
        "type_tag": "i32",
        "state": { "Payload": [1, 2, 3, 4] }
      }
    ],
    "edges": [],
    "roots": [1]
  }
}

Example: Multi-node snapshot with opaque node

{
  "Snapshot": {
    "epoch": 7,
    "nodes": [
      { "node": 1, "type_tag": "i32", "state": { "Payload": [1, 2, 3] } },
      { "node": 2, "type_tag": "f64", "state": { "Payload": [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 240, 63] } },
      { "node": 3, "type_tag": "opaque-type", "state": "Opaque" }
    ],
    "edges": [
      { "dependent": 2, "dependency": 1 },
      { "dependent": 3, "dependency": 1 }
    ],
    "roots": [1, 2]
  }
}

Example: Snapshot with shared-blob node

{
  "Snapshot": {
    "epoch": 9,
    "nodes": [
      {
        "node": 7,
        "type_tag": "text/plain",
        "state": {
          "SharedBlob": {
            "offset": 0,
            "len": 16,
            "generation": 1,
            "epoch": 9,
            "checksum": 123456789
          }
        }
      }
    ],
    "edges": [],
    "roots": [7]
  }
}

Delta Message

Incremental change set emitted after one outermost batch flush.

Schema

Delta {
  base_epoch: u64,
  epoch: u64,
  ops: Vec<DeltaOp>
}

Sequential deltas satisfy epoch == base_epoch + 1. A receiver detects gaps, reorders, or sender restarts by checking base_epoch == last_epoch.

DeltaOp Variants

Example: Sequential delta with all op variants

{
  "Delta": {
    "base_epoch": 40,
    "epoch": 41,
    "ops": [
      { "CellSet": { "node": 1, "payload": { "Inline": [10] } } },
      { "SlotValue": { "node": 2, "payload": { "Inline": [20] } } },
      { "Invalidate": { "node": 3 } },
      { "NodeAdd": { "node": 4, "type_tag": "u64", "state": { "Payload": [64] } } },
      { "NodeRemove": { "node": 5 } },
      { "EdgeAdd": { "dependent": 2, "dependency": 1 } },
      { "EdgeRemove": { "dependent": 3, "dependency": 1 } }
    ]
  }
}

Example: Non-sequential delta (gap)

{
  "Delta": {
    "base_epoch": 12,
    "epoch": 13,
    "ops": []
  }
}

When the receiver’s last_epoch is 10, this delta has a gap (expected 10→11, got 12→13). The receiver must discard it and request a fresh Snapshot.

Example: Delta with shared-blob payload

{
  "Delta": {
    "base_epoch": 8,
    "epoch": 9,
    "ops": [
      {
        "SlotValue": {
          "node": 7,
          "payload": {
            "SharedBlob": {
              "offset": 40,
              "len": 17,
              "generation": 2,
              "epoch": 9,
              "checksum": 987654321
            }
          }
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

Epoch Contract

• ipc_epoch is a monotonic u64 that advances once per outermost batch flush.
• Snapshot carries epoch.
• Delta carries { base_epoch, epoch } with epoch == base_epoch + 1.
• On Delta where base_epoch != last_epoch: discard the delta, request a fresh Snapshot, resume from the snapshot’s epoch.

Consistency Invariants

• PartialEq cell guard: equal CellSet produces no wire ops.
• Memo equality suppression: a dirty memo slot that recomputes to an equal value emits no SlotValue or downstream Invalidate.
• Coalesced frontier: a dependent reached through many changed cells in one batch appears at most once per delta.
• Eager Signal nodes always carry a value: an eager Signal (see below) is recomputed during the invalidation flush, so when it changes it appears in the delta as a concrete SlotValue (never a bare Invalidate). A purely lazy slot that was not read before the flush may instead appear as Invalidate with no value. Both are valid wire states for the same SlotValue/Invalidate op set; the distinction is computation timing, not message format.

Eager Signal Nodes

A Signal is the eager derived value in the Slot -> Cell -> Signal family: it recomputes the instant a dependency invalidates rather than on next read. It is not a new wire type. A Signal is composed from a memoized backing slot plus a local puller effect, and only the backing slot is graph state, so on the wire a Signal node is an ordinary slot node:

• Snapshot: the backing slot appears as a NodeSnapshot with its materialized value in NodeState (Payload/SharedBlob), like any other readable slot.
• Delta: a value change appears as SlotValue for the backing slot’s NodeId. Because the value is eagerly materialized at flush time it is always concrete; eager nodes do not emit bare Invalidate.
• Memo guard still applies: an eager recompute that yields an equal value (PartialEq) suppresses the SlotValue and any downstream Invalidate, exactly as for ctx.memo slots.
• The puller effect is local: it drives eager recomputation but is not serialized as a node and produces no TriggerEffect op. Eagerness is a producer-side scheduling property; remote peers receive the same permission-filtered Snapshot/Delta state plane regardless of whether a node is lazy or eager.

Peers therefore need no protocol change to consume signals from an eager producer — a Signal is observed as a slot that is reliably present in every delta that changes it.

Permission Boundary

Only nodes on the per-peer allowlist are serialized. Non-allowlisted nodes are omitted entirely (not even as Opaque) so a peer cannot infer their existence. Edges are retained only when both endpoints are readable.

This filter is applied at snapshot/delta construction time, before serialization, on all channels without exception.

Serialization

JSON (default)

serde_json with derived Serialize/Deserialize. All examples above use JSON. This is the cross-language default.

Binary (optional)

postcard compact binary encoding via the ipc-binary feature. Smaller and faster than JSON, but not self-describing — peers must agree on the schema. For same-language or postcard-aware transports only.

Binary frames decode through IpcMessage::decode_binary(bytes) and encode through IpcMessage::encode_binary().

Transport Contracts

FFI (C ABI)

• Opaque channel handle + owned byte buffers
• Functions: channel_new, channel_free, channel_send, channel_recv, ipc_message_validate, ipc_message_kind, ipc_message_clone, bytes_free
• Binary variants: same functions with _binary suffix
• Ownership: caller owns input bytes; Rust owns output buffers until the paired free function is called
• Errors return LazilyFfiStatus enum; panics are caught before the C ABI

IPC (Unix socket / pipe / local TCP)

• Length-prefixed serialized IpcMessage frames
• Shared-memory optional for large IpcValue::SharedBlob payloads
• IpcSink / IpcSource trait interface

WebSocket

• One WebSocket text/binary frame carries one serialized IpcMessage
• Signaling server (#yxjw) relays frames as opaque payload
• Server must not parse CRDT/IPC state

WebRTC Data Channel

• Reliable ordered data channels only (for graph state)
• Length-prefixed framing: 4-byte LE length + payload
• JSON or binary codec negotiated during capability handshake
• On channel failure: re-signaling via SignalingClient, delta resync covers gaps
• Unordered/unreliable channels only for optional lossy telemetry

Capability Negotiation

Each non-local session starts with a handshake:

If peers disagree on protocol major version, codec, or ordering guarantees, they fail closed before applying any Snapshot or Delta.

Cross-Language Family Rules

• Compute closures are language-local. Cross-language sync shares the cell state plane; derived slots converge remotely only when peers use a shared compiled graph or explicit compute descriptors.
• Permission filtering happens before serialization on every channel.
• Channel code must preserve back-pressure and resync behavior.
• All channels carry the same permission-filtered IpcMessage state plane.

Conformance Test Vectors

Canonical JSON fixtures in tests/conformance/ validate wire-format agreement across all language bindings:

Each fixture contains:

{
  "description": "...",
  "protocol_version": 1,
  "kind": "Snapshot" | "Delta",
  "assertions": { ... },
  "wire": { <IpcMessage> }
}

Language bindings should:

1. Parse wire into native types
2. Validate assertions (field values, counts, state kinds)
3. Re-serialize and verify byte-exact match

lazily Benchmark Results

Generated benchmark data for the lazily reactive primitives library.

Benchmark Results

Generated for package lazily version 0.12.2.

Environment: rustc 1.96.0 (ac68faa20 2026-05-25) on x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.

Refresh command:

python3 scripts/update-benchmark-results.py

Regression workflow:

cargo bench --features instrumentation -- --save-baseline before
# apply the performance patch
cargo bench --features instrumentation -- --baseline before
python3 scripts/update-benchmark-results.py --no-run

Regression budgets enforced by python3 scripts/update-benchmark-results.py --check:

Budgets use deterministic lock acquisition counts instead of elapsed wait/hold time.

Synchronization strategy adoption gate:

Candidates do not replace the current strategy before the same run reports throughput, p50/p95 latency, and lock-site budgets for the required 8/16-worker cases.

Required latency evidence uses Criterion sample per-iteration timing.

Watch-item A/B follow-up:

Criterion estimates are local mean wall-clock time per iteration.

Instrumentation snapshots are single local profile runs captured by examples/instrumentation_profile.rs.

ThreadSafe lock attribution for contention profiles:

Multi-Language

lazily is implemented across three languages with shared semantics:

Related

• lazily-zig — Zig implementation with FFI support
• lazily-py — Python implementation with context-as-dict
• Blog post: Lazily — Reactive Primitives Done Right

License

MIT

lazily v0.11.0

Prepared for the operator publish (#12b1). Last published: crates.io 0.10.3. Tag v0.11.0 is intended to point at this release commit on main.

Highlights

This minor lands eager Signal primitives across the single-threaded, thread-safe, and async contexts, plus a full WebRTC DataChannel transport stack on top of the v0.10.x reactive core: a sans-IO str0m backend, a real-socket networked backend, a WebSocket fallback, signaling, and the glue that drives a complete handshake end to end.

Features

• #3dmm / #x7sp - add SignalHandle, ThreadSafeSignalHandle, and AsyncSignalHandle as eager derived values backed by memo slots plus puller effects. Signals provide always-materialized v1 -> v2 updates with no observable unset window, inherit memo equality suppression, and are documented in the README, SPEC, PROTOCOL, and mdBook docs.
• #lzwebrtcwire — wire SignalingClient to Str0mNet. New webrtc_signaling module (offer_to_peer / answer_next_offer) owns the full SDP offer/answer + trickled-ICE handshake over SignalingClient, pumping frames into accept_answer / add_remote_candidate until the data channel opens. Integration test brokers two real SignalingClient WebSocket peers through an in-process #yxjw-protocol loopback relay and proves a permission-filtered Snapshot crosses the negotiated channel.
• #lzwebrtcnet — networked str0m DataChannel backend (Str0mNet) over a real UDP socket with the str0m DTLS/SCTP/ICE driver.
• #97xn — multi-channel reactive bridge hub.
• #akp3 — WebSocket DataChannel backend (in-process loopback over a real WS handshake).
• #webrtcbackend — concrete sans-IO str0m DataChannel backend.
• #webrtc2 / #webrtc3 — WebRTC DataChannel IPC transport abstraction, loopback integration tests, and Criterion benchmarks.

CI / tests

• #lzleanmodel - CI now builds the sibling Lean formal model so protocol invariants stay checked alongside the Rust suite.
• #lzspecconf — IPC conformance run against the canonical lazily-spec fixtures.
• #k03k / #lzasync — deterministic async resolve-loop window coverage.

Remaining (operator-gated)

• Live two-host / NAT validation of Str0mNet through the deployed #yxjw Cloudflare Worker (#lzwebrtcnet-e2e, part of #h6qb) — cannot be done in CI.

Publish checklist (#12b1)

1. cargo publish (dry-run verified clean: 72 files, 233 KiB compressed).
2. gh release create v0.11.0 --notes-file RELEASE_NOTES_v0.11.0.md --title "lazily v0.11.0".
3. Rotate the crates.io token if expired before step 1.